Major Components of Of Mice and Men - 1826 Words

Of Mice and Men is a book about two migrant field workers who got run out the town Weed. George, the intelligent one of the two but still uneducated and Lennie, the larger and dumber one suffering from mental disabilities. They hope to own their own piece of land and retire there. This dream is one of Lennies favorite stories, that George constantly retells him on how Lennie will get to tend the rabbits. They go to a farm to get job and do manual labor to save up and earn enough money to own their own piece of land. George and Lennie fit in with the workers just fine, but ran into trouble with the farm owners son, Curly. Curly was a shorter man and automatically hated everyone taller than him. He had a huge problem with Lennie and†¦show more content†¦Research Question, Rationale, and Thesis The purpose of this paper is to breakdown Lennies mental illness and find the most reasonable conclusion of to what he has. This question is important because the book never actually sta tes what Lennie suffers from and is a real problem throughout the world. If people were more able to understand and notice the symptoms of schizophrenia it could help many of the people who are unaware of having schizophrenia or a mental illness and help them get the help they need. Roughly thirty million people suffer from schizophrenia worldwide. Most people who suffer from schizophrenia do not receive the medical help that need or require. Schizophrenia is overlooked and isnt taken with the approach it should, it has similar care to alzheimers, everyone seems to know about it but nothing is really being done to stop or help treat this. Research Types of Schizophrenia â€Å"Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that’s affecting millions worldwide. It affects a patient’s thinking, emotions, judgment, behavior, relationships and ability to effectively communicate.† (James Rinehart, 2006). Paranoid Schizophrenia is the most common kind of schizophrenia out there. Those who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia, show to be normal with day to day activities, work, or relationships being either friends or a significant other. Although, they suffer from illusions of sound and hear thingsShow MoreRelatedOf MIce and Men Naturalism867 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men is a famous Naturalist work in American literature. Various elements of Naturalism is exhibited in this novel through its character types and story plot. Charles Darwin, an English Naturalist proposed a theory called natural selection, meaning that nature selects the best adapted varieties to survive and reproduce. Darwin also identified this th eory as survival of the fittest. Steinbeck incorporated this belief of natural selection in many instances throughout Of Mice and Men usingRead MoreDifferences Between Human And Mice Immunology1278 Words   |  6 PagesGeorgiette Oduro-Boateng Immunology (BIO 3301) Writing Assignment 1 3/4/15 Differences between human and mice immunology Stage 1 The American Association of Immunologists was established in 1913. This professional society consists of professional trained distinguished scientists around the globe who are in association with a goal of progressing the understanding of immunology worldwide. AAI provides it members with relevant information, great educational opportunities, etc. The Journal of ImmunologyRead MoreThe Effects of Foreshadowing in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men747 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Foreshadowing Of mice and men is a short but captivating novel by John Steinbeck. He uses many literary techniques in his novel, but one of the many that can keep his readers on their toes is foreshadowing. Steinbeck uses parallel structure to foreshadow upcoming events in the novel. Some readers feel that this technique makes the book predictable, therefore taking away interest, but others think this technique is what creates the excitement to see if their predictions turn out toRead MoreHow Does Aluminum Affect The Effect Of Breast Cancer? Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesis not a necessary component of the body, and has been widely regarded as a neurotoxin, but its other effects are still unknown (Mandriota, Tenan, Ferrari, Sappino, 2016). However, it is prevalent in many products, such as antacids, food, vaccines, cosmetics, just to name a few (Mandriota et al., 2016). There has not been much attention to the possible dangers of aluminum absorption at low levels until recently (Darbre et al., 2013). For example, antiperspirants are a major source of controversyRead MoreLoneliness in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men is a novella written by John Steinbeck in the 1930’s. It possesses many prominent themes that are evident throughout the whole book. One distinct theme is loneliness. John Steinbeck uses many conventions to convey this theme to the reader including characterization, context, foreshadowing and resolution. Through the use of these conventions, readers developed attitude and opinions, which change with modern society and the reader’s context. The theme of loneliness is best portrayedRead MorePhysical Exercise And Improved Productivity2297 Words   |  10 PagesDuke University (Weir, 2011). This evidence is backed by experimental studies. Blumenthal has explored the mood-exercise connection through a series of randomized controlled trials. In one study, he assigned inactive adults who were suffering from major depressive disorder to one of four groups; supervised exercise, home-based exercise, antidepressant therapy, or a placebo pill. After four months of treatment, he was able to conclude that people who received exercise or antidepressant treatment hadRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1294 Words   |  6 Pagesresponse to an event by one of the twins and not the other. One twin might have exposure to pornography or sexual abuse, but not the other. One twin may understand and respond to their family or classroom environment differently than the other. A major twin study among adolescents shows an even weaker genetic ass ociation. In 2002, Bearman and Brueckner studied tens of thousands of adolescent students in the U.S (RSS, 2015). The same-sex attraction concordance between identical twins was only 7.7%Read MoreAlzheimer s Disease ( Ad ) Is A Neurodegenerative Condition That Affects The Memory Function2719 Words   |  11 Pagesshown that obesity and diabetes actually have four times greater risked of developing AD. To test this theory researchers did a test on mice by injecting them with Leptin, which is a protein hormone that regulates ones metabolism that is secreted from fat cells, continually administrating Leptin into the mice had reduced the A beta capacity in the brains of AD mice, signifying that leptin could be a probable treatment for AD. When speaking on behalf of caloric intake and caloric restriction (CR) andRead MorePhysical And Behavioral Changes Of A Child s Temperament, And Capacities That Are Inherited From One s Parents1602 Words   |  7 Pagesstimuli, and their own impulses is partially affected by their own genetic makeup. Therefore, whether one is an introvert or an extrovert has some genetic say. On the other hand, mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression have been proven to influence nature. According to statistical records, bipolar disorder is four to six times more likely to develop when there is a family history of the condition. Moreover, alcohol addiction has been shown in studies thatRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1707 Words   |  7 Pagesresponse to an event by one of the twins and not the other. One twin might have exposure to pornography or sexual abuse, but not the other. One twin may understand and respond to their family or classroom environment differently than the other. A major twin study among adolescents shows an even weaker genetic association. In 2002, Bearman and Brueckner studied tens of thousands of adolescent students in the U.S (RSS, 2015). The same-sex attraction concordanc e between identical twins was only 7.7%

Jilting in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and...

Jilting in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Webster’s dictionary defines the word â€Å"jilt† as the act of rejecting a lover. So to be deserted by another, left at the altar, or unwanted by another, is to be jilted. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and in â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Katherine Anne Porter, Emily and Granny Weatherall throughout the course of their lives experience jilting several times. In turn, this rejection places a significant emphasis on both of their lives. After Emily’s father passes away in â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Emily’s sweetheart rejects her. The only man that her father must have approved of ran out on her, leaving†¦show more content†¦With this discovery, Emily knew she could never have him and could not bear the thought of another man that she loved leaving her. This must have been the breaking point for her. Emily was determined not to let another man leave her for the third time. Therefore she purchased the arsenic so she could be with him forever. The last person to see Homer was a neighbor as the Negro man was admitting him in at the kitchen door at dusk one evening. Again, Emily submerged herself into the familiar calm of isolation until her death. After her funeral, the narrator (the town) paints the picture of their discovery in the room above the stairs. A room in which no one had seen in for forty years. â€Å"The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, loo king down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. What was left of him†¦. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted

Risk Management An Investment Decision Making Process

Risk management refers to the process involved in identifying, analyzing and acceptance or preventing of uncertainty in an investment decision making process (Dorfman, 2007). In most cases, risk management is carried out to control losses that may occur as a result of an event that may occur in a business. It is good to note that failure by a business to take adequate risk management can result to severe loss or consequences, not only for the business, but also for individuals. In simple terms, this is a two step process that involves determining the risks that may arise and the dealing with the risks in a way that is most effective for your business investment goals (Hubbard, 2009). This article provides an example of how failure to put the right risk management strategies can lead to massive loss in a business. The article uses Spear Investment Company located in New York as a perfect example of a business that failed to apply risk management properly. The paper will also look at h ow the company management would have acted before to avert the consequences. Staff turnover is one of the major risks that affect many business and this is what made Spear Investment company fail terribly in it mission to attain its goals because it led to massive losses. It was in 2008 when the company faced a massive staff turnover as a result of dissatisfaction by the employees because of the way they were treated by the management of the company. The dissatisfaction led many employees toShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Management Accounting Theories Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Management accounting is one important area which is widely used in many industries and areas. The application of management accounting theories, methods, tools and principles could influence one company’s decision making process, evaluation process, performance estimation and investment management. This report will emphasize two important areas which are investment appraisal and variance analysis which are used to make the decision and estimation. For investment appraisal methodsRead MoreFinancing And The Development And Implementation Of Strategies1190 Words   |  5 PagesSUMMARY The role of finance within the strategic planning process has become more relevant than ever. With the introduction of the balanced scorecard the financial performance of a firm has been emphasized has a key indicator of success and links strategic goals to performance and provide timely, useful information in order to facilitate strategic decisions. The article, The Role of Finance in the Strategic-Planning and Decision-Making Process, by Pedro M. Kono and Barry Barnes discusses how financialRead MoreThe Government Accountability Office Is A Challenge For The Congress And The Administration1313 Words   |  6 Pagespractice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process in helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking action under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritizeRead MoreWhy WP Should Apply ERM for Stakeholders Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesCOSO, ERM is: †¢ A process, ongoing and flowing through a company; †¢ Every people at every level of an organization will affect ERM; †¢ ERM is applied in strategy setting; †¢ ERM is applied every level and unit across the company and consider the risk at entity level; †¢ Identify the potential risks which affect the company and manage these risks within its risk appetite; †¢ Has the ability to provide suitable assurance to the management and boards. Why WP should implement an ERM process and what are theRead MoreWho Are The Individuals That Should Be Involved In Making Capital Investment Decisions721 Words   |  3 Pagesinvolved in making capital investment decisions. These executives would include the CEO, CFO, COO, as well as other top level managers. Most companys will usually have a group of executives to make these types of decisions. This is because these individuals will have backgrounds and associations with other companies unlike the others in the group. This will aide the management team in bringing a separate knowledge base to make the best possible decision (Ang Trotman, 2015). Capital investment decisionsRead MoreThe Government Accountability Office : A Challenge For The Congress And The Administration1313 Words   |  6 Pagespractice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process of helping policymakers to make decisions about assessi ng risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking actions under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritizeRead MoreEssay PRINCE 2 Project Management Methodology 1216 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of PRINCE2 PRINCE2 (Project in Controlled Environments, Version 2) is a project management methodology that are released in 1996. It was based on combination of two methodology that is PROMPT (Projects Resource Organization Management Planning Technique) and IBMs MITP (Managing the Implementation of the Total Project) methodology. PROMPT that is originally created by former IBM Project Managers in 1975. 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Analysts go through reams of statistics – past performance, future potential, and industry knowledge and rely on personal insights into the market to arrive at the final list (UOP, 2009). Every investor aims to maximize returns while minimizing risk. Individual securities must be evaluated not only on the risk-return trade-off in isolation but also on their contribution to the risk-returnRead MoreThe Information Which Goes Into Financial Decision Making1231 Words   |  5 Pagesgoes into financial decision making can be divided into two parts: future estimates and historic facts. When deciding on whether or not to sign off the business case of the project, one of the main issues the project sponsor needs to think about are the financials. He needs to firstly find out if the project will make a profit, then secondly what the profit is, with financial timescales. When making an investment appraisal, there will always be other options for investment. Even if it’s just

IT Management Issues for Developing Economy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIT Management Issues for Developing Economy. Answer: Introduction The current business environment is that of globalization and developing economy, and thus many businesses are trying to attain the maximum market attainable in both levels of market, that is, global and local markets. Everyday business people struggle to attain their ideal objective. For this reason, businesses have been working extra hard to tout-do their competitors in several different ways one of the commonly known way is merger and acquisition (MA). The main objective of expanding and growing a business is to gain financial stability and profit maximization for stakeholders. (Gleich, Kierans, Hasselbach 2010). The assumptions made include the following: Monet has already merged, it has implemented the ERP and the intelligent portal. Also the loyalty scheme is being practiced. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) offers firms and companies possibility of a wider and bigger share in the market and diversification. Monet (group of 5 holiday resorts) are utilizing this technique for the purpose of growing the 5 resorts. The objective of the managements decision was expanding their market, increasing the number of clients so as to get more, achieving financial stability and become more competitive. With the current conditions of economy MA have achieved quality across the global market. Also technological advancement, competition and globalization has facilitated growth of MA. (Dringoli, 2016). Concept of Mergers and Acquisition Merger involves mutual agreement between two or more businesses to combine and become single business. The idea of MA has brought about increased profits and reduced operational costs through operational and structural benefits brought by merger. The benefits that come around by merging are vast and include the following: the business is able gain power, control and dominance in the market environment, efficiency value is increased like cost savings and enrichments, resource sharing bring about economies of scale offering competitive advantage due to reduced costs, the risk of utilizing innovative methods of financial risk management is greatly reduced and the best benefit is tax advantage. (Sherman, 2011). However, success of a merger depends on the efforts and strategies of the merging businesses. If this is not done well by the Monet management, it will lead to some disadvantages including: experienced workers will be lost, small merging business workers need exhausting training, the merger may experience difficulties due to competition among the employees of the combined resorts, there is over capacity of business that may require retrenchment and duplication. (Hassan, Ghauri, 2014). Information Technology and Information System Issues Information technology has led to development of new communication channels thus facilitating customer connection. In this generation nearly everybody is connected via the internet and people can easily connect and chat and share experiences. This has led to expectations of customers changing like they expect quicker, better and quality services. Clients now know that they possess power to choose what they want, where and when to have or go. Therefore, Monet implementing ERP systems and intelligent electronic portal is a way to satisfy these customer demand. (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). An information system (IS) is integrated components for gathering, processing, displaying storing information in form of knowledge. Monet utilizes such systems to run and control their day-to-day processes and interact with customers to attain market power. Also the company can use information systems such as ERP and web 4.0 portals to monitor and control operations and extend services to customers. (Cohen, 2012). ERP Benefits to the Monet and its Customers According to Worster, Weirich Andera (2012), ERP implementation brings several benefits to the company including: Competition- ERP software needs a big investment. But a greater cost lies in not making the investment. Businesses cannot risk failing to implement ERP while their competitors gain the benefits of employing the system. Seeking technology solutions will ease ways of lead generation. Efficiency- An ERP solution get rid of duplicate processes and reduces greatly the urge to manually key in information. The system will also smoothen, and simplify business processes and improve efficiency for organizations to collect information, regardless of what department they are operating in. Forecasting- correct forecasts are created through implementation of Enterprise resource planning software because it offers users and managers the tool they require. Business are able to make estimates that are more realistic and more effective prediction Collaboration- department collaboration is important and a necessity in a business structure. Departments are able to operate together if the data keyed into ERP systems is consistent and centralized. The software also deals with most aspect of a business, thus automatically motivating collaborative, interdepartmental energy. Scalability- designed ERP systems permits the addition of new clients and operates to improve the solution implemented initially with time. When the business is ready to move to the next step or requires more resources, ERP software should have the ability to facilitate that growth. Reporting- ERP software ease reporting and makes it more customizable. With enhanced capabilities of reporting, the organization can respond easily to complex information requests. Consumers can also execute their reports without depending on the assistance from IT, thus saving time of the users. Some of the customer benefits associated with the implementation of ERP include; service delivery is fast- when inventory information is correct and is accessible easily, orders are sold faster. An ERP system enables updates of real-time to maintain correct inventory information. In circumstances where customers are used to booking resorts, or tours at the click of a button, faster booking order fulfillment is vital.(Kimbrell, Ellis East Carolina University, 2013). Accurate services- correct fulfilling services needs cross-functional collaboration between reservation, billing, tour guide among others. ERP data is distributed among several departments thus bettering insights, and keeping everyone aware about service status. When services are met correctly and on time, client satisfaction is enhanced and expenses that come with errors are reduced. (Chetty, 2016). Improved Customer Service- When client service representative have permission to access detailed customer data all in one portal, customer requirements can be met faster. An ERP system can be structured in a way that the user is able to view the most relevant data on his or her custom-built dashboards for example client related information versus daily information of the entire system. Thus simplifying the access of required information. (Information Resources Management Association, 2011) Lower Costs- ERP software minimizes operation and administrative costs by reducing errors, repetitive duties, and excess inventory. Monitoring operations also aids in prevention of downtime and disruptions, and enhance betterment of employee management and program. Best clients are prioritized and rewarded with free tours among other offers. When organization processes are made better, both the company and clients reap the benefits. Impacts of Web 4.0 Level Ultra-Intelligent Electronic Portal Creation of such a portal will enhance interaction of Monet customers with their website. When customers visit this site, s/he will be recognized if one stands in front of the recognition devices like scanners and cameras the system will identify the customer and say word like: Welcome to Monet, services at its best. How may I help you today Customer Name? such a system makes a customer feel recognized and have a feeling of belonging. Many people want a system that interacts with them with less typing and this system will be unique to Monet business. (Ozkan, 2010). However, implementing such a system to a newly merged enterprise is a big risk to a business. This technology is sophisticated and may be complex to customers when interacting with it. Clients tend to prefer easy to use portals and therefore since web 4.0 will be a new technology, it may not be well received by customers. (Murugesan, 2010). There are a lot of opportunities that can come up with merging the 5 resorts into one. The company may decide to diversify its services not only to be the normal resort services but they can venture into opportunities like transportation-airport pick up and drop for non-clients, entertainment- rather than the television sets installed in the resort rooms, the company may decide to venture in to cinema business where clients can be going there to watch movies. Such opportunities will expand the business territory and enhanced market power. (Nelson, Joos Wolf, 2013). Acquiring New Customers Achieving loyalty requires giving back something to your clients through rewards like free meals, airport transfers, and free tours. Hotel businesses should acknowledge that loyal clients are more profitable but can also shift to other competitive resorts. The loyal customers of an organization should sometimes be offered goods or services at a lower price. This will increase their loyalty thus increasing the profit of the business. It is essential to give reason to your clients on why they should stay and utilize your services. (Zeidler, 2009). The easiest and most efficient way of attaining this is by creating a client loyalty program. Investing energy and time in improving client loyalty should be a part of any business' marketing techniques. If you fail to invest in client loyalty, the likelihood of losing more client than attracting them is higher. (Bainbridge, 2017). An effective client loyalty scheme should utilize customer information and control each clients interactions with your business. This should include what they buy, why, and when. This knowledge permits you to provide useful and targeted rewards, like vouchers and rewards on what they buy. Offers like this are useful to the as they will make the customer come back frequently. This will lead to more sales for the business as the client redeems their rewards and use more money with your business.(Humby, Hunt Phillips, 2008). Targeted and tailored offers may also have a higher perceived worth than generic unique rewards. Bespoke rewards make the client feel valued and improves the relationship with you. This is an evidence to the customers that you understand their requirements, and thus helps in attaining customer. In addition, it gives the feeling that you are investing time to focus on them which helps enhance a positive emotional reaction. (Zeidler, 2009). This positive reaction can be employed and nurtured with the use of communications carefully. Frequent communication through the email or newsletter, will assist in relationship building and make your clients feel valued, while making sure they are updated on major pertinent rewards. Frequent clients engagement is also a method of achieving client loyalty. (Humby, Hunt Phillips, 2008). Benefits of Implementing Customer Loyalty Scheme The following are some of the advantages of having a customer loyalty scheme: Costs is reduced The evidence is in the numbers: generating new businesses from an existing client is five times cheaper compared to acquiring new clients. As such building customer loyalty scheme will reduce the cost of having a new customer. (Agnihotri, Rapp Business Expert Press, 2010). Recommendations the most efficient brand ambassadors are your satisfied customers. They are likely to recommend fresh business, which can ease sales and provide cheaper ways of lead generation. A survey conducted on customer loyalty revealed that approximately 20 percent of new sales achieved come from the existing clients. Repeat business Loyal clients invest more in your business. This is because they will repeatedly buy your services or goods over a long period of time. In accordance to the sales and business cycles, one loyal customer can bring more profit annually than maybe ten first-time clients. Bigger sales building relationships with loyal clients, leads to easiness on sales of higher volume of goods and. Thus, achieving client loyalty should yield larger profits and more sales. Clients that trust your business also listen and heed to your recommendations. This offers a chance to sell along your product lines. Staying ahead loyal customers place you ahead of your competitors. Organization that have built strong brand loyalty are immune to forces of competition which is vital in markets with regular new players. Conclusion It is said that a single size can never match it all. Many companies believe that the quickest method to widen business territories is exercising mergers and acquisition. Mergers results in economies of scale and collaboration resulting to reduced cost and increased operations. Stakeholders will agree to the idea of merging if they believe they believe it will lead to them having competitive advantage over their rivals. Advantages goes on and include gaining competitive advantage, market dominance, reduced operational costs among others. However, such a decision to merge come up with some disadvantages including employee competition and rivalry. Implementing ERP will make management of the different departments including accounts, tour guides, bookings among others. Recommendation Monet management, therefore, should go ahead to implement the decision because with it comes along a package of several advantages mentioned. Also for Monet to maintain market power then it should be gathering information on both their loyal and new customers on their preferences every season so as not to give them an option. It is also necessary for them to always follow up on clients about the services they received and what they would like get improved. References Agnihotri, R. S., Rapp, A. A., Business Expert Press. (2010).Effective sales force automation and customer relationship management: A focus on selection and implementation. New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017: Business Expert Press. Bainbridge, S. (2017).Mergers and acquisitions: A transactional perspective. Foundation Press. Chetty, N. G. (2016).The operational benefits of ERP adoption by third-party logistics organisations in South Africa. Chew, E. K., Gottschalk, P. (2009).Information technology strategy and management: Best practices. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Cohen, E. B. (2012).Issues in informing science and information technology. Santa Rosa (California: Informing Science Press. Dringoli, A. (2016).Merger and Acquisition Strategies. Gleich, R., Kierans, G., Hasselbach, T. (2010).Value in due diligence: New risks, new mitigation. Farnham: Gower. Hassan, I., Ghauri, P. N. (2014).Evaluating companies for mergers and acquisitions. Humby, C., Hunt, T., Phillips, T. (2008).Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page. Information Resources Management Association. (2011).Enterprise information systems: Concepts, methodologies, tools and applications. Hershey: Business Science Reference. Karenfort, S. (2011).Synergy in mergers acquisitions: The role of business relatedness. Kimbrell, J., Ellis, M. L., East Carolina University. (2013).The impacts of Web 2.0, Web 3.0, and Web 4.0 technologies used in distance education. Greenville, N.C.: East Carolina University. Murugesan, S. (2010).Handbook of research on Web 2.0, 3.0, and X.0: Technologies, business, and social applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Nelson, R., Joos, I. M., Wolf, D. M. (2013).Social media for nurses: Educating practitioners and patients in a networked world. Ozkan, C. B. (2010).Free and open source software for e-learning: Issues, successes, and challenges. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. Sherman, A. J. (2011).Mergers acquisitions from A to Z. New York: American Management Association. Worster, A. J., Weirich, T. R., Andera, F. J. C. (2012).Maximizing Return on Investment Using ERP Applications. Somerset: Wiley. Zeidler, C. (2009).Mobile support in customer loyalty management: An architectural framework. Wiesbaden: Gabler Edition Wissenschaft.

Techniques for Detecting, Preventing or Mitigating DoS or Distributed DoS attacks

Introduction The internet has become part of the daily lives of people throughout the world. Some services such as banking, transportation, and healthcare are heavily dependent on it. According to Patrikakis, Masikos, and Zouraraki (2004), the internet is an intricate system of computers that are linked with the intention of creating an easy communication platform.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Techniques for Detecting, Preventing or Mitigating DoS or Distributed DoS attacks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The frequent use of the internet, like other systems, has been associated with problems, with the example being the Denial of Service (DoS) attacks (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). Different researchers have looked at how these attacks occur and/or the available methods of detecting prevention and mitigation. According to Patrikakis, Masikos, and Zouraraki (2004), a Denial of Service attack occurs when individuals or groups of individuals attempt to block the provision of internet services by an internet company to its users. On the other hand, Distributed Denial of Services occurs when the threat originates from multiple sources (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). This research paper reviews some of the documented methods of detecting, preventing, or mitigating Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Background The prevalence of DoS and DDOS attacks has constantly been on the increase with the increased number of internet users and number of people with skills being capable of initiating the same. The prevalence of these attacks has necessitated increased research, with a number of articles being available on the same. The techniques used are constantly changing to keep up with the pace at which the attackers are changing their own tactics. The articles selected for review in the research paper were those that featured the appropriate me thods that are currently in use. The attack on DoS and DDoS takes different shapes. Different researchers have described the examples of the attacks together with how they may be prevented. The individuals and groups involved in the development of these attack methods have constantly developed tactics of evading any method that is developed to counter them, and hence the need for new methods to retain the security of the internet and its users. These methods are discussed below. Techniques from the Articles This section looks at the findings from the different articles. Charalampos Patrikakis, Michalis Masikos, and Olga Zouraraki (2004) did the first article that describes the detection, prevention, and mitigation of the DoS and DDoS attacks. In this article, the researchers describe the meaning of the internet, DoS and DDoS, and/or how the attacks on DoS and DDoS occur (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They discuss the basic mechanisms in the development of the problem before proceeding to examine how they lead to the eventual collapse of services over the internet for a company. Some of the mechanisms in use for detecting, preventing, and mitigating the attacks are also discussed in the article. One preventive measure that is suggested in the article is the constant update of software in machines (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). Attacks are described as often occurring in machines that are not frequently updated. According to Patrikakis, Masikos and Zouraraki (2004), the update of software allows machines to work against the malicious attacks with ease. The users are able to prevent the attacks effectively as the software prevents the possibility of participating in an attack without its prior knowledge, and hence an effective measure of prevention. Observations show that frequently updated ma chines are better protected. The second protection measure discussed in the article is the monitoring of any access to the computer, installation of security patches and firewalls, and the adoption of automatic detection systems for intrusion (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). According to Patrikakis, Masikos, and Zouraraki (2004), this method causes reduced traffic for offenders, with the machine frequently reporting on its health to a network. The owners are also able to keep track of the machine performance, thus allowing them to make any necessary changes, and hence an effective method of prevention that allows a greater degree of prevention of DoS and DDoS attacks (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). The detection measure that is discussed in the article is signature detection, which involves the detection of footprints or signatures that are associated with sources of malicious programs (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004). The programs matching this signature are denied access to the machine, thus leading to a reduction of attacks. The researchers confirm that the method is effective because it is reliable and easy to utilize, with a better outcome in the detection of attacks as compared to other methods (Patrikakis, Masikos, Zouraraki, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Techniques for Detecting, Preventing or Mitigating DoS or Distributed DoS attacks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zargar Saman, James Joshi and David Tipper (2013) provide the other article that looks at DoS and DDoS attacks. This article also defines the Distributed Denial of Services. It states that they are attempts to disrupt legitimate users of the internet. Besides, it discusses the existing measures in the prevention and mitigation of the same. The first detection mechanism that is stated in the article is the trace back mechanism. According to Zargar, Joshi, and Tipper (2013), thi s mechanism involves the tracing of IP packets backward to the real sources instead of leading to the forged IO addresses. This mechanism allows for detection and tracing of the origin of attackers. It is effective in achieving this goal. According to Zargar, Joshi, and Tipper (2013), the two categories in which these mechanisms apply is the packet marking and/or through link testing. The second detection mechanism stated in the article is the use of network-based mechanisms (Zargar, Joshi, Tipper, 2013). In these mechanisms, the measures to detect the attacks and the attackers are deployed within the network with the application of routers (Zargar, Joshi, Tipper, 2013). In these detection mechanisms, the main example is the use of the route-based packet filtering strategy (Zargar, Joshi, Tipper, 2013). This measure is effective since it allows the detection of threats while still in the network. The users do not receive the attacks on their machines. The process of detection is automated and more effective. One of the measures that are used to prevent attacks from the malicious individuals is the Active Internet Traffic Filtering (Zargar, Joshi, Tipper, 2013). In this mechanism, the receiver of the services opts to deny traffic to all unrecognized connections while only accepting traffic that is owned by a predetermined network (Zargar, Joshi, Tipper, 2013). This means that receivers have control over what they can access and/or what gains access to their machines. This measure is effective in prevention of threats since most of the threats are from unrecognized sources. The third article looks at the results of a survey conducted on the defense mechanisms to counter DoS and DDoS. It looks specifically at the network-based mechanisms (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). One of the detection techniques discussed by Peng, Leckie, and Ramamohanarao (2006) is the MULTOPS scheme that was proposed by Gil and Poletto in 2001.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this technique, the evaluation of packet rate is done between a subnet and the host (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). The assumption is that the rate is always proportional. When a disproportion is noted, there is an indication of a likely DoS attack (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao). This scheme is useful as it helps detect the possible threats before they cause significant damage. However, some of the attackers have found ways of confusing the process. The other detection technique that Peng, Leckie, and Ramamohanarao (2006) discuss in their article is the SYN detection that they stated to have originated from Wang and his colleagues in 2002. This detection method evaluates the ration of several factors, including SYN, FIN, and RST (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). This method is as effective as any other method of detecting attacks. Users in the past have often described it as effective. The opinion is that the use of this method in the detection of DoS attacks will be ad equate. The use of ratios of different packets according to Peng, Leckie and Ramamohanarao (2006) is effective in the end because many attacks are prevented based on their characteristics (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). The article also discusses some of the prevention measures that may be used for DoS and DDoS attacks. One of the prevention measures that are discussed is the Ingress/Egress filtering, which involves the filtering of traffic that is coming to the local network together with the one that is leaving the same network (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). In this method, the malicious codes that are involved in the attack are filtered before they make any changes to the local network. They result in the security of the network as a whole (Peng, Leckie, Ramamohanarao, 2006). This measure is effective in the prevention of attacks to DoS and DDoS. The fourth article was selected based on its relevant to the subject on DoS and DDoS attacks. In this article by John Vac ca (2002), the internet service providers (ISPs) are recognized as important contributors towards network security. Their collaboration with customers is recognized as important in this measure. The article states a number of measures to detect intrusion and DoS and DDoS attacks in networks. The example of a measure that is proposed in the detection of attacks is the use of special software (Vacca, 2002) such as anti-viruses and online software that can filter the threats to the network and its users. This measure is deemed useful. The next suggested measure is the use of intrusion detection systems (Vacca, 2002). In this particular detection measure, Vacca (2002) confirms that the ISP Company will be efficient in evaluating the magnitude of the threats and use the available resources to counter them. The main example provided is the use of measures such as the specified intrusion detection systems. The measure is effective. The last article looks at the prevention of DoS and DDoS a ttacks through cooperation between the ISPs and the companies that form the bulk of their customers (Work Together To Stop DoS Attacks, 2001). The article states that the attacks may be mitigated through cooperation between the ISPs since they can exchange information on the sources of these attacks and lead to a safer internet (Work Together To Stop DoS Attacks, 2001). The article cites some of the attacks that have occurred, including the damage that they had on the respective organizations. The other measure that is proposed is the cooperation between customers and the internet service providers. This collaboration is touted as an important way of mitigating the threats posed by these attacks (Work Together to Stop DoS Attacks, 2001). The author states that networks must evaluate the measures that work in the prevention of attacks, including the network architecture and data access systems (Work Together to Stop DoS Attacks, 2001). These are recognized as important measures in th e achievement of total internet security. The article does not mention some of the measures that are specific to the detection of DoS and DDoS attacks. However, it establishes cooperation as an important measure in their prevention. Conclusion The internet is an important tool in the daily lives of most individuals. There are institutions that are dependent on it for normal functioning. Developments in security have led to frequent DoS and DDoS attacks, with internet users paying the price. These attacks have necessitated the creation of measures that are aimed at prevention, detection, and mitigation of any threats as discussed in the research paper. Reference List Patrikakis, C., Masikos, M., Zouraraki, O. (2004). Distributed Denial of Service Attacks. The Internet Protocol Journal, 7(4), 1-13. Peng, T., Leckie, C., Ramamohanarao, K. (2006). Survey of Network-based Defence Mechanisms Countering the DoS and DDoS Problems. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 2(3), 1-46. Vacca , J. (2002). Partnering for protection: ISPs and their customers must work together for stronger network security. Web. Work Together To Stop DoS Attacks. (2001). Web. Zargar, T., Joshi, J., Tipper, D. (2013). Survey of Defense Mechanisms Against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Flooding Attacks. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials. Web. This research paper on Techniques for Detecting, Preventing or Mitigating DoS or Distributed DoS attacks was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Child Development 0 19 Years Essay Example

Child Development 0 19 Years Essay Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth – 19 years. 0 – 3 Months Physical development Many babies who are under three months old cry a lot. From birth, a babys reflexes will allow them to turn their heads and to suckle when you touch their cheek. Their sucking and grasping reflexes will develop. They can flex and extend their fingers, arms and legs. By about 4 weeks their eyes can follow a moving light, although it may only be for a few seconds. By 2-3 months, they can watch and follow a moving face. By 6 weeks their eyes can move together most of the time. When lying on their stomach they will start to lift their heads and chest and support the upper body with their arms. By 2 months, they will enthusiastically kick their legs and will push down on them when their feet are placed on a firm surface. Communication and Intellectual development A baby this young will watch faces intently and will begin to imitate movements and facial expressions. They will start to recognize familiar objects and people at a distance. They will start Smiling and cooing in response to others, and will start to babble and even imitate some sounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development 0 19 Years specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development 0 19 Years specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development 0 19 Years specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By about 8 weeks they will listen to what you say, then make noises back as they talk to you. Babies will turn their heads toward the direction of sound. Babies at this age will have different cries for different needs. Social, emotional and behavioural development Between 4 – 8 weeks, babies watches you face when you talk to them. They often begin to smile at a familiar face by around 4 to 6 weeks, and will look at you carefully from around the same time. By 3 months, they can laugh out loud. 3 Months – 1 year Physical development Between 3 to 6 months baby will start rolling over back to front, they might start sitting up with support and possibly unsupported. Passing toys from one hand to the other and banging them together will create great amusement to baby. They will start following objects with her eyes and judging accurately how near and far away they are. From 6 – 9 months they will start sitting up without being supported, they will start standing up, cruise furniture and perhaps even walk. Some infants never crawl, however, by 9 months, many babies find crawling to be an exciting way to get around. Their hand eye coordination will develop even more. Develop full colour vision and distance vision matures. By now babies will hear and see as well as an adult. They can reach with one hand and transfer objects from one and to another. Between 9 – 12 months babies can crawls forwards on their bellies, pull themself up to stand, walk holding on to furniture, and may even walk two or three steps without support. Reaches sitting position without assistance and can get from sitting to crawling. They will take objects out of containers and poke with their index finger. They can use the pincer grasp and will let objects go voluntarily. By now they have triple their birth weight. Communication and Intellectual development A baby between 3 – 6 months will watch faces closely, responds to their own name. Baby will smiles at the sound of a familiar voice and starts to babble and imitate some sounds. They will respond to music and turn their heads toward sound. They will vocalise excitement and pleasure. Baby will start making gurgling sounds when left alone and playing with you. Between 6 – 9 months babies begin to develop a better awareness of the world. They will develop the ability to realize that objects still exist, despite the fact that they are out of sight. They will be able to finds partially hidden objects. Babies at this age will explore with their hands and mouth. By 12 months babies will explores objects in many different ways (shaking, banging, throwing, and dropping) and will finds hidden objects easily. They can looks at the correct picture when an image is named they will also imitate gestures. Babies will begin to use objects correctly. Start to recognise common words like milk, cup, shoe, and respond to simple requests. Social, emotional and behavioural development Babies between 3 – 6 months will begin to display a social smile, they will enjoys social play and might get upset when playing stops. They will express themselves and communicate more with their face and body. Baby will be drawn to their own image in the mirror. Might start to learn how to comfort themselves. Baby will respond to other peoples expressions of emotion. Between 6 – 9 months babies might develop what is called â€Å"stranger anxiety†. This period is not permanent, and usually fades over time. They will seek attention and show strong feelings about likes and dislikes. Baby begins to recognize and identify their own feelings and that they are different, they will also begin to realize that they are a separate person. By the end of year 1 baby might still appear shy or anxious with strangers and may cry when the caregiver leaves. They enjoy imitation and will repeat sounds or gestures, engage you in a conversation and copy simple hand games like clap hands or bye bye. Show specific preferences for certain people and toys. They test parental responses to their behaviour. Baby will enjoy finger-feeding themselves. They will start to extend arm or leg to help when being dressed. Peek-a-boo and hiding are favourite games because they play out in a simple way the comings and goings of people that baby has come to recognize and depend upon. 1 – 2 Years Physical Development Baby will walk without assistance, and might even walk backwards. Baby would be able to use their feet to push themself along on a ride-on. They can move from sitting to standing by using their hands to push themselves up, and can pick up toys while standing. They can push and pull objects, paint and scribble. Baby will love climbing on and off furniture and may begin to run. Start feeding themselves and drink from a cup without needing help. They have mastered the pincer grip and can now pick up small objects. By the end of year 2 they can take off an article of clothing. Baby can run in a direction with accuracy and stop when they need to. Most toddlers can walk down stairs while holding onto the banister. They can push buttons and turn knobs. Communication and Intellectual development They will recognize themselves in the mirror. They will find objects when hidden. Toddlers will understand and responds properly to words and commands. They can distinguish between â€Å"you† and â€Å"me†. May even begin to match similar objects. They will say more words every month by 12 months they can say about 1-3 words, 18 months about 10-50 words, 24 months about 300 words they will also use some simple questions. Toddlers at this age will start putting two words together in a basic sentence. They can point to body parts and pictures in books. They use objects for their intended purpose. Because of their developing imagination, they have trouble knowing what is real and what is pretend. They’ll request information by saying, ‘What’s that? . They will enhance words with gestures and tone of voice. Social, emotional and behavioural development Toddlers will become more communicative and expressive with face and body and imitate some movements and facial expressions. They develop a sense of security. They will be curious and energetic but he depends on an adults presence for reassurance. Toddler s at this age enjoy repetitive games. They show a interest in other children but usually just plays alongside them. They want to do its all themselves and may experience unbearable frustration if they cant master a task. Their ability to feed themselves is slowly improving and they are likely to be choosey about what they eat. 2 – 3 Years Physical Development Toddlers between 2 – 3 years are very active, they can run forward, jump in place with one foot, kick a ball, bend over and climb over things with ease. Toddlers can help dress and undress themselves and hold a pencil in a writing position. They will start making up-and-down, side-to-side, and circular lines with pencil or crayon. They can turns book pages one at a time, and enjoy building towers. They will start to screw and unscrews jar lids, nuts, and bolts and turn rotating handles. They can walk up and down stairs, alternating feet (one foot per stair step). Communication and Intellectual development Toddlers will start to observe and imitate more complex actions, and follow a two- or three-part command. They are typically egocentric, or self-centred, in their thinking. Start to use two or three word sentences, and will understand differences in meanings. They start to plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people, and can make mechanical toys work. Some toddlers can complete puzzles with three or four pieces, and will start to understand the concept of two. They can recognize and identify almost all common objects and pictures. By the end of 3 years they would Use pronouns and some plurals, and strangers would be able to understand most of their words. Social, emotional and behavioural development They will continue to explore the world around them. They start to show affection for others, and will express affection more openly. Toddlers will be able to play by himself or herself, but might start to show challenging behaviour. They will imitate adults and playmates. They can take turns in games and understands the concept of mine and his/hers. Toddlers at this age will express a wide range of emotions and may object to major changes in routine. A 2-3 year old cannot yet understand reason or control their impulses. 3 – 7 Years Physical Development By the end of year 4 they can walk backwards and forwards unselfconsciously; turn and stop well. They can jump off low steps or objects, but find it hard to jump over objects. They will run around obstacles and balance on one foot unsteadily. Toddlers will love to Push, pull, steer toys, throwing and catching a ball. They will begin to ride trikes. They will play actively, but tire suddenly. They can dress and undress themselves. 4 – 5 year olds can Jumps forwards many times, do somersaults, skip unevenly and walk up and down stairs. Might be able to stand on one foot for five seconds, and will judge well when placing feet on climbing structures. They will enjoy jumping on a small trampoline. They have increased endurance in play. They will start to draw crosses, circles and even a person. Between 5 – 7 years the large muscles in their arms and legs are more developed than small muscles children can bounce a ball and run, but it is difficult to do both at the same time. They can walk backward quickly; skip and run with agility and speed. They will start to incorporate motor skills into games. They would be able to jump over objects, hop well, climb well, jump down several steps; jump rope and coordinate movements for swimming or bike riding. They have high energy levels in play and rarely show signs of fatigue. Their coordination for catching and throwing will continue to increase. They also have an improved reaction time in response. Fine motor skill development will continue to improve, they will be able to use a pencil to make letters words, and sentences. Children would be able draw people, houses and trees in more detail. They will be able to do a series of motions in a row in order to do a complicated motor activity. They would be able to balance on one foot for 10 seconds or more. Communication and Intellectual development Between 3 – 4 years children have pretty much mastered some basic rules of grammar use many sentences that have more than four words. The average 3 ? year old knows more than 1200 words. They also understands simple questions, and ask a lot of â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† questions. They will be able to tell people their own name and age. Children at this age will start to attend to activities for longer periods of time, they learn by observing and listening. Children will shows awareness of past and present and follow a series of two to four directions. They can point to and names colours, grasp the concept of counting they may even know a few numbers. They understand order and process. Also they start to play around with words a lot more and engage in fantasy play. By the time they are 5 they will be able to uses sentences that give lots of detail and tell stories that stick to a topic and is longer. They will also start to answer simple questions about a story. They can count 10 or more objects and correctly name at least four or more colours. They improve on their understanding of time. They might know a few nursery rhymes which they can say, repeat or sing. Between 5 – 7 years there is a rapid development of mental skills, children would have greater ability to describe experiences and talk about thoughts and feelings. They will begin to think logically, and will have greater concern for others. Their comprehension and use of language becomes more sophisticated. They will share opinions in clear speech and engage in conversations. Children have a receptive vocabulary of approximately 20,000 words. Start to understand ‘left’ and ‘right’. Social, emotional and behavioural development By the end of year 5 children would develops friendships and interact with other children. They are learning to understand about the feelings and needs of others, and their behaviour shows that they can feel sympathy for others and can share their toys and take turns. Start to engage in pretend play and will often develop favourite games like mummies and daddies and superman. They start to compares themselves to others. Children have a good understanding of right and wrong. They will become more independent and can usually separate from parents/carers without distress. They become aware of their gender. Sometimes children would be demanding, and other times they will be eagerly cooperative. By the time children are 7 they have an even stronger sense of right and wrong. They have an increased ability to engage in competition. They begin to have awareness of the future and grow a greater understanding about ones place in the world. Start to have feelings about how they look and how they are growing. Children in this age group are aware of being a girl or a boy and often prefer to play with children of their sex. 7 – 9 years Physical Development Children will start to gain weight faster, and grow an average of 2. 5 inches per year. In these years many children place great emphasis on the development of their own physical ability. Being able to do handstands, hit the ball, ride fast, etc, often carries considerable status within the peer group. Generally speaking their energy levels are high and they can do a fast majority of physical activities. They will become more graceful with their movements and abilities. By the end of year 9 they will be able to dress and groom themselves completely. They have the ability to use tools. Communication and Intellectual development Children at this age are often very excited by, and genuinely interested in, the outside world. They can absorb information with enthusiasm. They have beginning skills in reading, writing and maths and the capacity to express relatively complex ideas. Sadly they will begin to understand that Father Christmas is not real. They might be able to tell the time and will have some understanding of money. They can start to plan ahead and know left hand rom right. Children will now know the different tenses (past, now and future) and would be able to use correct tenses in sentences. They can tell jokes and riddles. At about 8 children would be confident using the telephone. Many will begin to enjoy reading a book on their own. Social, emotional and behavioural development There will be a gradual development of children’s social skills. Children have a great desire to fit in and be accepted by their peer group. Children want to play with children of the same sex and sometimes stereotype members of the opposite sex. They will have increased confidence and greater responsibility. They will like to win at games but will not yet be able to lose cheerfully. They are starting at 8-9 years to understand another person’s view of things. They will start to like team games. They become increasingly independent of their parents, but still need their comfort and security. They are able to resolve conflicts verbally and know when to seek adult help. 9 – 12 years Physical Development They will continue to grow taller and bigger. Girls are generally speaking 2 years ahead of boys in physical maturity. Girls will grow buds of breasts at ten or eleven, their hips will take shape and they may begin to menstruate at eleven or twelve. Children have an increase in body strength and hand dexterity. They have improved coordination and reaction time. Some boys may experience masturbation and nocturnal emissions. The remainder of their adult teeth will develop. Adult type tools can be used, such as saws and hammers. Children can construct simple structures and sew basic garments. Their handwriting becomes more fluid, automatic and less of an effort. Their writing speed also increases. Communication and Intellectual development They have an increase in abstract thinking- children would be able to think about what could happen rather than what did happen. Children can fantasize and speculate. Children at this age are more likely to question your rules and values rather than follow them and things may often seem unfair to them. They will become more project and goal oriented and might develop special interests in collections or hobbies. They will enjoy games with more complex rules. They are learning to plan ahead and evaluate what they do. Their comprehension and use of language becomes more sophisticated. They often share their opinions. They may pick up on words that peers use. Children could begin to learn new language without understanding the meaning. Likes to write stories, letters, reads well and enjoys using the telephone. Social, emotional and behavioural development Children at this age will like being a member of a club and will enjoy rituals, rules, secrets, codes, and made-up languages. They may form more complex friendships and might prefer spending more time with friends than with parents. By eleven children is much more interested in, and affected by, the norms of their friends. They start to have better control over anger. They might experience more peer pressure. Children will become more interested in the opposite gender. They are able to resolve social problems like fights with friends and siblings. They also have the ability to understand others people’s point of view. 12 – 16 Years Physical Development Adolescence is a time of rapid growth in height and weight. The changes in children’s bodies at this age are rapid and can be dramatic. Boys grow body hair, their voices deepen, and their testicles increase in size. They experience a massive boost of testosterone. Boy’s testes begin to enlarge, their muscles will fill out and strength increases dramatically. Girls may grow body hair and breasts and start menstruating. Many will mature radically in their facial features. Acne may appear as oil glands become more active. Their appetite and need for sleep will increase. Their sexual desires and fantasies also increase. Communication and Intellectual development Adolescents are able to think more abstractly. They are better able to express feelings through talking. They have a very strong sense of right and wrong. Between 13 and 16 children’s ways of thinking about themselves, others, and the world shift to a much more adult level. Arguing and reasoning skills improve. They learn to use deductive reasoning and make educated guesses. They will be able to construct hypothetical solutions to a problem and evaluate which is best. Their focus on the future develops and they learn to recognize that current actions can have an effect on the future. They will start to set personal goals. Adolescent’s decision-making skills improve; they begin to independently differentiate right from wrong and develop a conscience. They also learn to distinguish fact from opinion. Social, emotional and behavioural development Adolescents have increased concern about body image, looks, and clothes. They are self-absorbed. They are more interested in and influenced by their peer group. They become less affectionate, sometimes moody, rude or short-tempered. They may experiment with risky behaviours and adult roles. Conflict is common as they begin to reject adult values and ideas. Close friendships develop, particularly for girls. Some children might lose self-confidence or self-esteem during this time. 16 – 19 Years Physical Development 5% of children have reached their adult height. Many of the major physical changes have occurred. There is advanced growth of secondary sex characteristics such as facial and body hair in boys, and breasts in girls. They will continue brain development until late adolescence. The likelihood of sexual desire and perhaps activity is increased. Communication and Intellectual d evelopment At this age they might have an increased concern for the future and how to integrate knowledge and decision making. They have well defined work habits and greater capacity for setting goals. Their organizational skills improve. They tend to be self-regulated and self-absorbed. Teens are better able to solve problems, think about their future, appreciate opinions of others and understand the long-term effects of their decisions. However, teens tend to use these skills inconsistently; as a result, they sometimes do things without thinking first. Social, emotional and behavioural development They are moving towards independence and have a firmer sense of self. They have developed sense of humour. They have the ability to compromise and make important decisions. Teens may experiment in risk taking behaviour. Relationships with parents can either be very friendly or can deteriorate. The behaviour of teens is very varied; they may enjoy activities with the opposite sex or they may completely avoid the opposite sex. Teenagers may appear angry, impulsive, lonely, confused, self-centred, stubborn and moody. They may struggle with conflicting feelings. Teens want control over more aspects of their life. Use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs is more common now than before. They may have strong sexual urges, and many become sexually active. Teens become more aware of their sexual orientation (homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual).

Spanish Nouns of Ambiguous Gender

Spanish Nouns of Ambiguous Gender Nearly all nouns in Spanish can be placed in one of two categories - masculine and feminine. However, there are some words of ambiguous gender that dont fit quite so neatly. Of course, some words, such as names of many occupations, are masculine when they refer to men and feminine when they refer to women, as in el dentista for the male dentist and la dentista for the female dentist. And there are some nouns whose meanings vary with gender., such as el cometa (comet) and la cometa (kite). However, there are also words that, for whatever reason, havent been firmly established as being of one gender or the other. List of Common Gender-Ambiguous Nouns Following are the most common of these words. Where just el or la appears before the word, it is the gender that is viewed most widely as correct, and the gender that should be learned by foreigners. Where both appear, either gender is widely accepted, although the most commonly used gender is listed first. Where no gender is listed, the usage depends on region. la acnà © - acne el anatema - anathema el arte - art - The masculine is used when arte is singular, but the feminine is often used in the plural, as in artes bellas (fine arts). el autoclave - sterilizer el azà ºcar - sugar - Although azà ºcar is a masculine word when standing alone, it is often used with feminine adjectives, as in azà ºcar blanca (white sugar). la babel - bedlam el calor - heat - The feminine form is archaic. la/el chinche - small insect el cochambre - dirt el color - color - The feminine form is archaic. el cutis - complexion la dote - talent la/el dracma - drachma (former unit of Greek currency) la duermevela - brief, light, or interrupted sleep - Compound nouns formed by joining a third-person verb and a noun are nearly always masculine. However, the ending apparently has influenced usage of this word toward the feminine. el enema - enema los herpes - herpes la/el Internet - Internet - The general rule is that nouns imported from other languages are masculine unless theres a reason for making them feminine. In this case, the feminine is often used because the word for a computer network (red) is feminine. el interrogante - question la Januc - Hanukkah - Unlike the names of most holidays, Januc is usually used without a definite article. el/la lente, los/las lentes - lens, glasses la libido - libido - Some authorities say that libido and mano (hand) are the only Spanish nouns ending in -o, other than shortened forms of longer words (such as foto for fotografà ­a and disco for discoteca, or occupational words, such as la piloto for a female pilot), that are feminine. However, libido  is often treated as masculine. la/el linde - boundary el mar - sea - Mar is usually masculine, but it becomes feminine in some weather and nautical usages (such as en alta mar, on the high seas). el/la maratà ³n - marathon - Dictionaries list maratà ³n as masculine, but feminine usage is almost as common, perhaps because maratà ³n is associated so closely with carrera (competitive race), which is feminine. el/la mimbre - willow la/el pelambre - thick hair el/la prez - esteem, honor la/el pringue - grease radio - radio - When it means radius or radium, radio is invariably masculine. When it means radio, it is feminine in some areas (such as Spain), masculine in others (such as Mexico). el reuma - rheumatism sartà ©n - frying pan - The word is masculine in Spain, feminine in much of Latin America. la testuz - forehead of an animal la tilde - tilde, accent mark el tizne - soot, stain el tortà ­colis - stiff neck la treponema - type of bacteria - Like some other words of limited medical usage, this word is feminine according to dictionaries but usually masculine in actual use. el trà ­pode - tripod la/el vodka - vodka la/el web - web page, web site, World Wide Web - This word may have entered the language as a shorter form of la pgina web (web page), or it may be feminine because red (another word for the Web, or a computer network in general) is feminine. el yoga - yoga - Dictionaries list the word as masculine, but the ending has led to some feminine usage. Key Takeaways A few dozen Spanish nouns are of ambiguous gender, meaning they can be either masculine or feminine without any difference in meaning.The nouns of ambiguous gender are distinguished from nouns of variable gender, whose genders vary with meaning or whether the noun refers to a male or female.A disproportionate number of the gender-ambiguous nouns are words with primarily scientific, technical, or medical usage.