Creation of the World

The creation of the world has many different theories but according to Christian beliefs ‘’In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. † (Genesis 1) The Bible states that God created the world is a 7 day time frame in which he started when God created first created light and separated the light from the darkness, calling light â€Å"day† and darkness â€Å"night†. On his second day of work God created an huge area to separate the waters and called it â€Å"sky. On his third God created the dry ground and gathered the waters, calling the dry ground â€Å"land,† and the gathered waters â€Å"seas. † , God also created plants and trees. Then on the fourth day God created the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth to separate the day and the night. On the fifth day God created every living creature of the seas and every winged bird. On the sixth day God created the animals to fill the earth. On day six, God also cre ated man and women bringing humans to the world for the first time.Adam and Eve were the first humans that God created, man out of dust and woman out of man. God gave them one rule and that was not to eat of the fruit on one particular tree in the Garden of Eden. Eve was talked into eating the fruit by the serpent, and then she convinced Adam to eat of it as well. When they had disobeyed God, they felt ashamed and naked; so they hid from him. After talking with them, he punished them by banishing them from the Garden. This was the day sin entered the world and man’s nature is now sadly a sinful nature.This is why God sent his son to die on the cross for our sins so that we have the chance to live with him one day for eternity. This is how humans first had to encounter a real live situation and choose between good and evil. Finally on day 7 God had finished his work of creation and so he rested on the seventh day, blessing it and making it holy, and that is why Christians cele brate church and mass on Sundays that being the seventh and final day of the week.

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay

Solutions and Services Implementation Highlights Time-frame: 9 months, strict adherence to time-schedules Top Management’s support Highly dedicated team Comprehensive change management SAP ERP success story MRF Limited MRF Limited is engaged in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of an extensive ange of superior quality tyres for various kinds of vehicles. The company’s operations relate to manufacture of rubber products, such as tyres, of applications. MRF has six production facilities in India and around 80 sales offices. From its humble origins in 1946, the company has come a long way to become the market leader in the tyre manufacturing industry. MRF exports its products to over 75 countries worldwide. Today, global tyre manufacturers have to plan and adapt to changes in customer demand, fluctuations in raw material prices and availability, while keeping pace with timelines for shipments; in the face of increasing ompetition in the global marketplace. The Need for SAP Before becoming an SAP customer, MRF was running several outmoded legacy systems that could no longer keep up with the company’s expanding operations, and, as a result, the company was plagued with inefficiency. Problems of slow availability of information, tedious manual entry and data transfer, lack of system flexibility, excess manpower utilization and costs started to have a negative impact on the business. Consequently, the company was spending a lot of time in consolidating the information, getting the data together, and on time. It did not take long for MRF to know that it had to replace its nonintegrated, independent systems if it wanted to gain strategic insight and higher productivity to manage rapid business growth. The company wanted a flexible solution to allow IT to keep pace with changes while offering a low total cost of ownership. MRF decided to reengineer its entire IT landscape by implementing SAP ERP and SAP CRM solutions, based on the SAP NetWeaver platform. A Core Team called the Power Users team was formed to determine the requirements of the company and the selection of a suitable ERP olution. MRF brought in IBM Global to facilitate the process and the Core Team was sensitized to the process of reengineering. The company did a detailed evaluation based on various criteria such as experience in the manufacturing sector and product-offerings; Oracle and SAP were short listed. MRF participated in a SAP summit which helped the company to take the final decision. â€Å"SAP came out on top in terms of product superiority, post-sales support, and record customer satisfaction. We were confident that SAP will support our plans for continued growth,† says Prince Azariah, Chief Information Officer, MRF Limited. SAP offered a clear solution for MRFs manufacturing operations which include process as well as discrete production. â€Å"We have moved onto a mature product with SAP. We have made a very good decision in selecting SAP,† adds Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services. Implementation MRF chose Siemens Information Systems as the implementation partner after a thorough selection process. The project went live on December 1, 2007. There were around 60 members from MRF and 35-40 members from Siemens involved in the implementation process. The core team nd the partner’s team worked in full collaboration, while ensuring that the implementation was carried out according to time schedules. â€Å"One of the complications was that our systems were in silos. Change management has been a big challenge,† says Gautham. There were many instances when MRF looked to SAP India and SAP Labs for assistance and support during the implementation. SAP ERP has been implemented at the company’s Head Office in Chennai, 6 factories in Sales Offices. MRF went in for all core modules including Financials and Controlling (FICO), Sales ; Distribution (SD), Materials Management (MM), Production Planning PP), Quality Management (QM), Plant Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR), and SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver 81). Today, there are around 700 users who have accepted the implementation in a positive manner. Benefits With SAP ERP, the company has one harmonized, standardized and integrated solution. The solution has enabled MRF to transform its business operation management from time consuming and inflexible to real-time and adaptable. The users can now count on easy access to accurate, complete, and up-to-the minute information, thanks to entralized, integrated data. This has led to quicker decision making and improved business transactions for MRF. SAP is the best thing that has happened to MRF,† Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services The implementation of SAP has brought in a major shift in the work-culture in the company. â€Å"The core team was clearly aware that they are responsible for creating their future. Earlier, we were a top-driven company. Now, we have close to 60 personnel at the middle management level who have been empowered to take business decisions, and who are advising top management on what needs to be done o set up processes in the company. There is so much of enthusiasm among the core team members and the end-users. Also, we used to be a very silo-ed company. With SAP, the Heads of different Departments look to these people for resolution of problems.

Discipline in School

Discipline is very important in a civilized life. Discipline can be defined as control over one's desires and obedient' to codes of behavior. If there is no discipline, there is confusion everywhere. Discipline is of great importance in school and at home. If there is no discipline in schools, it is not possible to imp education effectively. It is necessary to maintain law an order in the society. There should be discipline at home also. Children must be taught self-control. Parents themselves should keep discipline. Children should be taught the value discipline in childhood.A country cannot face extern wars if its armed forces are not disciplined . Unfortunately, there are not much discipline today schools, colleges and government offices. That is w India is facing many problems . Discipline is necessary for people in all walks folia Students studying in schools and colleges, Define personnel, industrial workers – all must have disciple Only then a nation can progress| A stu dent needs to be very punctual to his routine. He should be very regular and sincere to his studies. He should be hard working.He should always be ready and active in various other extracurricular activities. He should remain active and smart. He should learn how to face difficult situations and how to win over them. A student is the future of the country. It is he who has to take the responsibility of the country. He should be healthy and fit. Physical education is as important for students as to be studious and sincere at studies. A student should always be in good health and fitness. For this he should get up early in the morning. He should take exercise daily. He should play game of his choice daily.It is well known that a healthy body has a healthy mind. He is mind will be strong and sharp only when he is physically strong, fit and healthy. The biggest task of a student is to study. A student should be very devoted and sincere to his studies. He should be very punctual. He shou ld know the importance of time. He should regularly do his home work. He should have an urge to learn new things. He should have respect for his teachers and elders. He should be very cooperative with his friends. He should help the needy. Discipline demands self-control and dedication.One who cannot control himself cannot control others. He has to dedicate his individuality in the larger interest of society. Discipline is a virtue. It needs to be cultivated from early childhood. It cannot be developed overnight. It takes time and requires patience. When discipline is enforced, it fails to bring the desired result. True essence of discipline is lost when it is enforced . Student life is the formation period of life. The foundation of adulthood is laid down during the time. The man grows with the habits and manners acquired at that time. These things hardly change.So a student should be much disciplined in his student life. One who is disciplined raises high in life. Life of great me n is examples of discipline. The great men have made mark in their lives, because they strictly follow their goals with all the earnestness and sincerity. So, we should try to be disciplined from the early stage of life. Both at school and at home they should be made to follow the rules of discipline. Parents, teachers and elders have significant role to play. A student should always learn good habits. This will lead to the formation of a good society and nation as well. |

Consider the problem of global warming in todays society, and suggest Essay

Consider the problem of global warming in todays society, and suggest solutions for the prevention of continued global warming - Essay Example throughout its history and most of the changes have been due to the changing orbital pattern of the earth and changes in the amount of solar energy received by the earth. However the present increase in global warming occurring within the earth is also a result of increased population growth, urbanization and other human activities. All these have caused a net increase in the amount of greenhouse gases which is believed to the major causative factor for the increased warming in the earth (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d). While these changes have necessitated the implementation of suitable policy changes, the global economic crisis and other special interests have nearly halted the progress towards framing such a policy. Devising such a plan, would involve the combined efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organizations for their inputs about possible calamities and in specifying the resources required in the wake of such a crisis. Urbanization and population growth: A principle contributing factor for the rise in greenhouse gases is man-made activities through urbanization and the rapid rise in population growth. Urbanization has had a profound effect on the environment worldwide as it has caused changes to the land, water and atmosphere. The number of people living in urban areas has tripled over the years and studies estimate that more than half the world’s population will reside in urban areas in the next few years (Torrey, 2004). One of the major contributing factors for the rise in urbanization is the population growth which has shown an exponential increase over the past 50 years (Little Flower, 2006; World Population Growth, 2004). This increase as well as migration of the world population will have an effect on the natural environmental resources owing to the increased consumption of food, energy, water and land. It has increased the air, water and noise pollution levels and other phenomena suc h as global warming which is

MANAGERIAL FINANCE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGERIAL FINANCE - Case Study Example In 2000’s, the airlines inaugurated various Airbus jets and new suites of its products and made various records during this period. In 2004, it made a record of the world’s longest nonstop commercial flight from Singapore to Los Angeles. In 2008, it made a record again by operating an all Business class flight between Asia and USA (Singapore Airlines). The Singapore Airlines operate from Singapore and has 20 flight destinations in Middle East, UK, USA and South East Asia. The range of its products and services is vast starting from exceptional services at ground to different types of cuisines and forms of entertainment in flight. Their cuisine caters to needs of children, old age people and those from various religions. Their in-flight entertainment comprises of movies, TV shows, games and various other entertainment devices. Mileage credits for business and economy class passengers is another unique service provided by the airlines. KrisWorld in-flight entertainment system provides exceptional levels of comfort and entertainment to its first and business class passengers (Singapore Airlines) The operating profit, returns and earnings of the airlines saw a drastic increase in the year 2010-11. The operating profit rose with about 1911.5% and earnings per share with 402.20%. The drastic rise in the profitability of the company was due to the recovery after the slowdown of the global economic crisis in the late 2000’s. There was a rise in demand for the airlines products and services. The current trading period and the latter half of the last trading period year saw an improvement in the profitability of the company which saved it from incurring a loss (Singapore Airlines). The price earnings ratio for Singapore Airlines in the year 2010-11 is $0.15 (share price/ eps = 13.68/91.4). The price earnings ratio for Qantas in the year 2010-11 is $0.18 (1.97/11) (Qantas Airlines). The P/E ratio of Qantas Airlines is more favorable for the

Pertussis or Whooping Cough Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pertussis or Whooping Cough - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that there are two types of pertussis: severe and mild. Severe pertussis occurs in the infants and young children. Severe pertussis is more complicated and may lead even to death, whereas, mild pertussis is hard to diagnose and it is mostly misunderstood for the common cold. Bordetella pertussis  was first isolated in pure culture in 1906 by Bordet and Gengou. B.pertussis is a small, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus of 0.8 ?m by 0.4 ?m. It is arranged singly or in small groups. They also have pili-like filaments and are non-motile. B.pertussis is the most fastidious bacteria. It is transmitted from a person – to – person through aerosolized droplets. B.pertussis causes respiratory tract infection in humans and warm-blooded animals. The incubation period of this bacterium is 7-10 days. The bacterial cells â€Å"colonize only the ciliated cells of the respiratory mucosa.† After the onset of the infection, the cells colonize in the mucosal membrane of the respiratory tract. The attachment of the B.pertussis occurs with the help of a pertussis toxin produced by the bacterium. The filaments those are present in the bacteria acts as a bridge between the bacterium and the ciliary receptor This pertussis toxin is highly toxic and has a number of virulent factors. The adjuvant effect of pertussis toxin on the human body results in lymphocytosis and hypoglycemia within 3 hours in the ciliated epithelial cells and also causes ciliostasis. The adenylate cyclase toxin and tracheal cytotoxin combine with pertussis toxin to cause ciliostasis. The same toxins inhibit the phagocytic activities of the host. The phagocytic activities include chemotaxis, engulfment, the oxidative burst, and bactericidal killing. The adenylate cyclase is a hemolysin that causes lysis of the red blood cells. The tracheal cytotoxin stops the beating mechanism of the ciliated cells. This toxin then kills the ciliated cells and extrudes it from the mucosa. It also stimulates the release of the Interleukin – I, thus causing fever. The first stage symptoms of pertussis are a cough, low –grade fever, running nose, sneezing, etc. After 7 – 10 days, the nasal discharge gets thickened and the cough also gets severe. This leads to severe upper respiratory congestion in infants. This is the second stage. It lasts for 1-2 weeks. The third stage is the more complicated stage. The coughing increases very heavily that the child will cough more than 5 times during a single respiration and have a sudden intake of air, causing a whooping sound. The sound is caused due to the narrowed glottis. At this stage vomiting, weight loss, tongue protruding, eyes bulging are most common. Pneumonia, the serious complication of pertussis, results in the 90% of the deaths in children under the age of 3. The infection of the bacterium causes substantial immunity. This substantial immunity lasts for many years. The second infec tions are more frequent in adults and are usually not severe. The infants and children are highly prone to the lethality of this disease. The children who are suffering from a whooping cough are prone to pneumonia.

International Business Walmart case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Walmart case study - Essay Example As such, it is worthwhile to analyze the prospective of Wal-Mart in South Africa by first considering the four dimensions of distance between the U.S. and South Africa as well as the disadvantages and disadvantages of Wal-Mart in South Africa using Eclectic Paradigm as it will be delineated in this discussion. The distance between the U.S. and South Africa can be considered through four dimensions: cultural, political, geographic and economic distance. Firstly, the cultural distance deals with the cultural attributes, which are very essential in determining the manner in which individuals will interact with each other as well as with companies (Ghemawat, 2001). Whereas the majority of the inhabitants of the U.S. are whites, blacks are predominant in South Africa. The U.S. is an English speaking nation, whereas South Africans speak isiZulu language to a greater extent in trivial English. Also, in the U.S., the Protestant, and Catholic religions are prevalent while, on the other hand, Protestant and other Christian religions are prevalent in South Africa. Secondly, the political distance between the U.S and South Africa is eminent in the sense that they do not share a common currency: U.S. dollar for the U.S. and the South African rand for South Africa. Thirdly, the geographical distance be tween the two countries exists in terms of geographical size, climate, and population. The U.S. covers a geographical area of 9,826,675 square kilometers (sq. Km) whereas South Africa traces the U.S. with 1,219,090 sq. Km in geographical size. Besides, the U.S. has a temperate climate, which is different from the semiarid climate in South Africa. Additionally, the U.S. has a population of 316,668,567 whereas South Africa has 48,601,098. Lastly, the economic distance between the U.S. and South Africa is apparent from the GDP per capita, $ 50,000 for the U.S and $11,400 for South Africa, the real GDP

1990s Hip Hop Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

1990s Hip Hop - Term Paper Example The history of music is very long, and it is impossible to cover all the stages of its development in one essay. Donald Jay Grout wrote: â€Å"The history of music is primarily the history of musical style, and cannot be grasped except by first-hand knowledge of the music itself† (1937). In this abstract we will talk about the hip hop style and its origin. â€Å"Hip-Hop is a product of post-civil rights era America, a set of cultural forms, originally natured by African-American, Caribbean-American, and Latin-American youth in and around New York in the 70s. Its most popular vehicle for expression has been music, though, dance, painting, fashion, video, crime and commerce are also its playing fields† (Nelson George, 1998). It is a musical genre or form, which comprises the combination of four different styles and is represented by different forms of music, from "light" genres such as pop and rap, to aggressive ones - hardcore rap and so forth. The content of the songs v aries from the memories of the "good old days" to the raise of the social issues. The formation of hip-hop was influenced by other genres: rhythm and blues, soul, jazz, rock music, reggae and so forth. The subculture of this style of music appeared in 1974 in African-American and Latino neighborhoods of the Bronx. Hip-hop was developed in the streets of New York as a combination of four elements - MC, DJ, break dance and graffiti. However, these genres did not develop separately. At Jamaican parties, the deejays combined MC and Rap styles. Firstly, this method of creating tracks was used by Kool Herc. In 1970, the producer Sylvia Robinson created the label, called â€Å"The Sugar Hill† and numerous DJs began to work with it, developing a new style of music - a combination of scratching and recitative. The emergence of the "hip-hop" genre is dated from 1979. The basis of hip-hop was

Statistical Inference and Regression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Statistical Inference and Regression - Essay Example Those who impress statistics tend to improve on the quality of data, the experimental designs, as well as survey sampling. They also give tools for forecasting, as well as prediction using statistical models. On the overall, statistics is quite applicable in many academic fields and it cuts across, the natural science, the social sciences, businesses and government. Statistical methods are used in summarizing and describing of collected data. Descriptive statistics is particularly useful in research work especially when communicating the experimental results. Patterns in data can be modeled in such a way that it accounts for the uncertainty or randomness in the observation, which are then used in drawing of conclusion about the given population under study (Bethea, & Boullion, 2005). This is what is called the inferential statistics. Inferences are extremely crucial elements as far as scientific advancements are concerned. It helps in providing a means through which conclusions are d rawn for the data that are subject to random variations. The application of both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics comprise applied statistics. The theoretic statistics are concerned with the logical arguments that underlie justification of certain approaches to statistical inference. Mathematical statistics involves the manipulation of the probability distribution that is necessary for deriving outcomes that are closely related to methods of estimation and the inferences (Bethea, & Boullion, 2005). Probability cuts across various fields and encompasses many definitions. This paper discusses statistical inferences and cuts across other areas of statistics including regression, linear regression, nonlinear regression, least-squires method, and the maximum likelihood method. Statistical Inference The term statistical inference as used in statistics is taken to mean the process of drawing or making conclusions from data that are subject to random variations. The example of statistical inference is the sampling variation or the observational errors (Bethea, & Boullion, 2005). More often than not, the terms inferential statistics, statistical inference and statistical induction are used in describing systems of procedures that may be used in drawing of concussions’ from data sets that arise from systems that are affected by random variations including random experimentation and observational errors. The initial requirements of the system of processes for the inference and the induction are that the system produces reasonable answers whenever applied to defined situations. It should also be general enough so that it can be applied in all situations. Maximum likelihood method. Estimation problems involve estimating the value of the one or many population parameters from any random samples of the population (Bethea, & Boullion, 2005). Point and interval estimation are the two categories of estimation. Interval estimation is used in determining t he probability of the outcome that occurs in any given limits while point estimation takes Fisher’s estimation. The term likelihood is also, one key concept used in statistical inference, and it is always calculated for any fixed sample while providing information about the relative probability of any sample data that is as a function of the distribution parameters. The likelihood function is used to measure how likely a given data sample is as the function of

Surveillance Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Surveillance Technology - Essay Example ⠁  Before delving into the issue of surveillance technology, it is first necessary to properly define the term â€Å"surveillance.† My understanding of the word is the monitoring of an individual or group of people for the purpose of preventing or correcting a crime. It is an important element of law enforcement to be able to keep abreast of real-time developments and movements in the public sphere. Prior to the usage of cameras and video surveillance, manual observers would need to be placed in the relevant areas. While it is important to maintain a human presence to deter crime, it is also unfeasible to be able to see everything all the time in that area. Hence it is a complementary and necessary policy to use surveillance technology. It is also important to be able to monitor more discreet elements such as odors, trace explosive materials or radiation in public areas. Surveillance technology plays a major role in this regard. Perhaps the advancement of surveillance technology from the twentieth century onwards is best shown though the rapid development of video surveillance. Cameras are used to survey traffic and to prevent and detect crime. In Britain, over 4 million closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras are in use while the United States Border Patrol spent US$64 million on remote video systems (Aresty, 2006)⠁  . Wilkerson explains that true video surveillance began in the 1960s with the introduction and application of closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras (Wilkerson, 2008)⠁   by law enforcement agencies. From there, analog technology continued to develop influence surveillance techniques. Video cassette recorders allowed preservation of evidence and from the 1970s onwards businesses prone to theft mounted CCTV cameras on their premises both as a deterrent and as a tool to apprehend thieves. In family court cases, video evidence of adultery and poor parenting decided the outcomes of cases. Analog technology reached its

Computer and Network Hardware Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Computer and Network Hardware - Assignment Example Additionally, utilizing wireless network is simpler than utilizing cable network that has its own complexities. Hardwired systems have the tendency of backing up individuals in waiting to utilize computers. Consequently, this presents time limitations for individuals utilizing these systems. Fast Ethernet enable clients to receive augmented transmission speeds. The Ethernet protocol has implemented a novel standard that sustains 100 Mbps. Fast Ethernet necessitates utilization of dissimilar and expensive network hubs, in addition to network interface cards (Spurgeon, 2000). Furthermore, this category of Ethernet necessitates utilization of five twisted pair cable (Contreras, 2005). This category of Ethernet has considerable use in learning institutions to ensure that these institutions obtain reliable internet services, considering the huge populace that utilizes the internet. Bus and Star are the best topologies for library systems although the Star functions best in offering library services. Star topology requires easier maintenance relative to Bus topology. Additionally, it is easily installed and offers little difficulties during troubleshooting network-related problems (Bangia, 2005). Backbone entails huge transmissions that deliver information obtained from miniature lines that are linked to these transmission lines. These lines link LAN to WAN depending on the distance of

Pre-determined programme Essay Example for Free

Pre-determined programme Essay The relationship formed by nursing professionals with those who utilized healthcare services goes a long way in determining how satisfactory the users are. The nurses are in direct contact with patients and users of healthcare services, more often than the doctors are. They carry out the administration of drugs prescribed by doctors and go the whole length of checking the condition of the patients and acting as an intermediary between the doctor and the patients. Thus, this prominent role goes a long way to determine the level of satisfaction that is derived by users of healthcare services. It is argued that it is nature that cure not the administration of medicine; medicine gives relief and leaves the curative process for nature to handle. Nurses tend to handle patients and be close to them to help the curative process through nature to take place. According to Mckenna (1997), â€Å"Nurses could be actively involved in this process of putting the patients in the best condition for nature to act upon him if given appropriate training†. With the aid of the service users, nurses would be able to perform more effectively in the professional duties of assisting patients to be in the right condition for the curative process to take place through nature. Effective participation in healthcare service requires looking beyond national institutions to enhancing the capacities of citizens to influence supranational, as well as national policy on health. Croft Beresford (1996), point out a more radical version of people’s participation, one that would go beyond the more paternalistic versions of welfare state and the narrow consumerist approaches to users involvement. â€Å"Growing from the struggles of the disability rights movement and others, this approach began to talk about participation not only in terms of having a say and being involved in the delivery of existing programmes, but also about more active participation in provisioning and in policy formulation. This approach sees the users as having fundamental claims to civil rights rather than being subjected to the discretion of the social service producer. In recent times, there has been a convergence of concern with citizen engagement in policy formulation and implementation and with good governance, broadening political participation to include a search for new, more direct, ways through which citizens may influence governments and hold them accountable (Gaventa Valderama, 1999). During the late 1960s, and the 1970s, there was a growing demand in many parts of the world for citizens to be involve in decision-making processes which affected their lives, including in the social policy arena. The form of participation that emerged focused largely on establishing, consultative mechanisms, often in the form of user committees. The spread of this new approach was rapid and far-reaching. Citizens became involve in thousands of community health councils, parents committees in schools, tenant councils, and countless other beneficiary committees. (Cornwall Gaventa, 1999:5) By participating in decision, making pertaining to the provision of social services citizens uses this medium as an avenue to seek accountability from those representing them in a democratic government. By seeing themselves as actors rather than simply passive beneficiaries, user group may be more able to assist their citizenship in a third sense through seeking greater accountability from service providers. One form of greater accountability is through increased dialogue and consultation of its leaders with forum of user involvement. In this avenue, questions can be raised to the extent to which any group is being marginalized and ways to articulate their concerns and this will determine the form that the dialogue takes (ibid: 10). According to Gaventa Valderama (1999), increasingly discussion of governance and accountability focus on forms of broader interaction of public and private social actors, especially at the local level. Citizen participation in this sense involves direct ways in which citizens influence and exercise control in governance, not only through the more traditional forms of indirect representation Citizen participation in service delivery in healthcare has increasingly been used to enable citizens to express their concerns more directly to those with the power to influence the policy process. â€Å"While a number of participatory methods focus on enhancing direct participation of citizens in the governance process, others are focusing on maintaining accountability of elected officials and government agencies to the citizenry, through new forms of citizen monitoring and evaluating† (Cornwall Gaventa, 1999) Citizenship participation in decision of healthcare service avail them the opportunity in demanding and negotiating directly with government for greater performance and accountability other than they relying on self-provisioning through civil society. â€Å"Through such participation, users of services can potentially shape social policy not only as beneficiaries or consumers in pre-determined programmes, but as citizens exercising rights of agency, voice and participation (ibid: 18).

Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations

Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations Mobile Phone Conversations vs. Face-to-Face Conversations in Public Settings: An Annotated Bibliography Margarita Parker Cell phones burst into our life in the early 90’s and became an integral part of the modern world. They are convenient and essential. They are not only communication devices but also our friends who keep our secrets and save our happiest moments. They remind us about important events and wake us up in the morning. However, more and more people find it inappropriate and unethical to be involuntarily involved in other people’s cell phone conversations in public settings. At first, this paper was planned to be designed as a research critique paper on a study found in the textbook. The study I found interesting was conducted in 2008 by Scott Campbell, professor of Telecommunications in the University of Michigan (Campbell, 2014). His study, Perceptions of mobile phone use in public: The roles of individualism, collectivism, and focus of the setting (Campbell, 2008), was mentioned by Keyton (2010) in terms of â€Å"how mobile phone use in public settings was influenced by cultural and individual differences† (p. 45). I located the study online at ECU Joyner Library, read it, and found the results interesting. Campbell (2008) found that â€Å"participants with a collectivistic orientation [are] more tolerant of mobile phone use† in public settings that participants with an individualistic orientations (Campbell, 2008). While reading the study, I noticed that Campbell often mentioned the study by Monk et al. (2004) who found that people perceive cell phone conversations in public settings more annoying than face-to-face conversations of the same loudness. I located this study online at ECU Joyner Library, found it very interesting, and my initial research question – â€Å"How people of different cultures perceive the use of the mobile phones in public setting?† – changed to the other one: â€Å"Do people find cell phone conversations in public settings more annoying than face-to-face conversations?† Thus, I shifted my focus from a study in the textbook to an annotated bibliography. The study of Monk et al. (2004) became as incitement for its replication by Forma and Kaplowitz (2012). Therefore, this study was located online at ECU Joyner Library, read and analyzed carefully, and an annotated bibliography of the two studies was written. Monk, A., Carroll, J., Parker, S., Blythe, M. (2004). Why are mobile phones annoying? Behaviour Information Technology, 23 (1), 33-41. doi: 10.1080/01449290310001638496 In this study, Monk and the colleagues investigate the participants’ perception of mobile phone conversations and face-to-face conversations in public places. Monk et al. (2004) suggested that people might be more annoyed when hearing a cell phone conversation than a face-to-face conversation. They hypothesized that there were a few explanations to it. Frist, they suggested that it could be explained by the content or the volume of the conversation. Second explanation could be the novelty of the mobile connection technology. â€Å"People are used to others having face-to face conversations in public spaces and have learned to ignore them. The mobile phone is relatively new and hence more noticeable† (Monk et al., 2004). Third factor was suggested to be the fact that the one only hears a half of the cell phone conversation thus could not fully understand the content of the conversation. The experiment involved sixty-four randomly chosen participant – a half of them in the bus station, another half in the train carriage. The participants were exposed to the same staged conversation – one was face-to-face and another on the cell phone. The conversations lasted about one minutes. After that the participants were asked to read six statements and rate the conversation one the card displaying the Likert scale from 1(‘strongly disagree’) to 5 (‘strongly agree’). Each of the six statements was analyzed separately to find out â€Å"how the three independent variables, context (bus station or train), medium (mobile phone or face-to-face) and loudness (normal or loud), affect the ratings† (Monk et al.). A three-way between-subjects analysis of variance, Levine’s test for heterogeneity of variance, a two-tailed t-test, and a Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the data. Analysis of Statement 1, The conversation was very noticeable, showed that the participants found the mobile conversation more noticeable than the face-to-face conversation of the same volume and content. Most of the ratings of Statement 2, The conversation was intrusive, were low. Analysis of Statement 3, I found myself listening to the conversation, revealed that the participants tended to listen to the cell phone conversation more than the face-to-face conversation. The participants were not strongly agreed or strongly disagreed on Statement 4, I found the ring tone of the phone annoying, as well as Statement 5, I found the volume of the conversation annoying. The rating of Statement 6, I found the content of the conversation annoying, were low. The findings provide evidence that in general, cell phone conversations are perceived as more noticeable and annoying than face-to-face conversations at approximately the same volume and content. The authors conclude that the study supported one of their hypothesis – cell phone conversations are more annoying because one hears only one side of the conversations that means people would rather hear a dialogue of two people than a monologue on the call phone. One of the advantages of the study is the random selection of participants as well as conducting the study in the real public settings were participants could do what they usually do in this public setting. However, the level of background noise was not taken into consideration. It can vary from very loud to very quiet in the bus station as well as on the train. This could affect the results of the study. More could be done on studying the effect of the context and content of the conversation. The authors of this study refer to Wei and Leung (1999) who found that public transportation settings were to be less irritating than restaurants, schools, and libraries (Wei Leung, 1999; Monk et al, 2004). Thus, the experiment could be conducted in the different public places such as restaurants, schools, theaters, hospitals, shopping malls, etc. in order to ensure validity and reliability of the experiment. The content of the conversation could be manipulated from being very annoying (talkin g to a customer service representative) to being very pleasant (congratulation on a new baby). The study is interesting but quite outdated. As stated in one of the hypothesis, cell phones were perceived as novelty. They were the novelty in the 90s but not anymore. However, the cell phone conversations in public setting are still perceived as rude and annoying. Thus, this study needs expansion as well as replication in the current time. Forma, J., Kaplowitz, S.A. (2012). The perceived rudeness of public cell phone behavior. Behaviour Information Technology, 31 (10), 947-952. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.520335 The authors report two studies on the perception of face-to-face and mobile phone conversations. The first study was designed to find out if people speak louder when talking on the cell phone than when talking face-to-face. 90 participants were found on a university campus â€Å"30 cell phone users and 60 people having face-to-face conversations† (Forma Kaplowitz, 2012). The participants were observed in two public settings – in a food court on campus and in a lobby outside the food court. 30 cell phone and 30 face-to-face conversations were discretely recorder by one of the authors of this study who sat within 1 m of the participants and recorded the average dB level for 1 minute. The analysis of the collected data confirmed that people talk louder on the cell phone than face-to-face. The second study was a replication of the study of Monk et al. (2004). The goal of this study was to confirm or disprove the findings of Monk et al. (2004) that mobile phone conversations in public settings are perceived more annoying than face-to-face conversations. As in Monk et al. (2004) experiment, Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) used two actresses who engaged in cell phone and face-to-face staged conversations on a bus. In some of the face-to-face conversations, both actresses were audible while in others only one actress was audible. Participants were students riding the bus on the campus. After the conversation was over, the participants were asked if they noticed the girls’ conversations. Those who answered â€Å"yes† were given the questionnaire. 160 participants completed the questionnaire similar to the one Monk et al. (2004) used. The analysis of the results confirmed the findings of Monk and the colleagues that people perceive cell phone conversations in public places more rude that face-to-face conversations. Moreover, Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) found that face-to-face conversations in which only one person was audible were perceived even more annoying than cell phone conversations. Both studies of Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) are fairly recent, well designed, the topics are deeply analyzed, and the authors’ claims are strongly supported with evidence. The replication of the study of Monk et al. (2004) included more participants (160 vs 64) that could increase validity and reliability of the study. However, there are some factors that could make the validity and reliability of both studies of Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) slightly questionable as the participants were mostly young students, and the sample did not include people of different ages and occupations while in the original study by Monk et al. (2004) participants were randomly selected on the train and the bus station. Lastly, I would like to mention that the studies conducted by Monk et al. (2004) and Forma and Kaplowitz (2012) based on some of the findings in the work â€Å"Blurring public and private behaviours in public space: policy challenges in the use and improper use of the cell phone† by Wei and Leung (1999). This work deserves a special attention. However, this assignment is limited to two annotations. Thus, I am planning to return to this work in the future. References Campbell, S.W. (2008). Perceptions of mobile phone use in public: The roles of individualism, collectivism, and focus of the setting. Communication Reports, 21 (2), 70-81. doi: 10.1080/08934210802301506 Campbell, S.W. (2014). Curriculum Vitae. University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/scott.campbell/files/campbell_cv_aug_2014_.pdf Forma, J., Kaplowitz, S.A. (2012). The perceived rudeness of public cell phone behavior. Behaviour Information Technology, 31 (10), 947-952. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2010.520335 Keyton, J. (2010.) Communication Research: Asking Questions, Finding Answers (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Monk, A., Carroll, J., Parker, S., Blythe, M. (2004). Why are mobile phones annoying? Behaviour Information Technology, 23 (1), 33-41. doi: 10.1080/01449290310001638496 Wei, R., Leung, L. (1999). Blurring public and private behaviours in public space: policy challenges in the use and improper use of the cell phone. Telematics and Informatics, 16, 11–26. doi:10.1016/S0736-5853(99)00016-7

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone Osteogenesis Imperfecta or more commonly known as Brittle Bone Disease, is a condition causing extremely fragile bones and is known to be a congenital disease. This means you are born with it. It is caused by a defect in the gene that produces type I collagen which is an important building block of bone. Most causes of Osteogenesis Imperfecta are inherited from a parent caring the gene . Some cases are the result of new genetic mutations. People with Osteogenesis Imperfecta are usually below average hight. Osteogenesis Imperfecta does not seem to occur in any certain race, it effects all races male and or female. A person with Osteogenesis Imperfecta has a 50 per cent chance of passing on the gene and the disease to there offspring. The symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta are as follows: Type I which accounts for 60 per cent of all cases Most common and mildest type of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bones predisposed to fractures. Most occurring before puberty Normal to near-normal stature loose joints with low muscle tone Bone deformity absent or minimal Spinal curvature Collagen structure is normal, but the amount is less than normal Triangular shaped face Sclera (whites of the eyes) usually have a blue, grey or purple tint to them Brittle teeth Hearing loss The increase liability to bruising (thought to be due to the defective collagen) Hernias are more common in people with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Excessive sweating or intolerance of heat are common complaints, the cause is unknown Type II Most sever form Death occurring shortly after birth, often due to respiratory problems Small stature with underdeveloped lungs Collagen is improperly formed Numerous fractures Severe bone deformities Type III Bones fracture easily Fractures often present at birth Short stature Sclera (whites of eyes) to be a blue, grey, or purple tint Loose joints Poor muscle development in arms and legs Triangular shaped face Barrel-shaped rib cage Spinal curvature Bone deformity, often severe Brittle teeth Hearing loss Respiratory problems Collagen is improperly formed The increase liability to bruising (thought to be due to the defective collagen) Hernias are more common in people with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Excessive sweating or intolerance of heat are common complaints, the cause is unknown Type IV Between Type I and Type III in severity Bones fracture easily, usually before puberty Shorter than average stature Sclera are white or near white, normal in color Mild to moderate bone deformity Barrel-shaped rib cage Triangular shaped face Spinal curvature Brittle teeth Hearing loss Collagen is improperly formed The increase liability to bruising (thought to be due to the defective collagen) Hernias are more common in people with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Excessive sweating or intolerance of heat are common complaints, the cause is unknown The diagnoses of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Osteogenesis Imperfecta is diagnosed a few different ways. In most cases the diagnosis is made from the pattern of fractures. In severely affected people X-rays may show characteristics abnormalities. In the USA two specialized tests are sometimes used for the diagnosis of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. One involves taking a small piece of the skin, culturing the cells and chemically examining the collagen produced. The other uses a blood sample and searches for mutations of the genes coding for the collagen of bone. Neither tests are more than 85 per cent accurate in identifying cases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Chronic Villus Sampling maybe done during pregnancy to determine if the fetus has the condition. However, because so many different mutations can cause Osteogenesis Imperfecta, some forms can not be diagnosed with a genetic test. Often the severe form Type II can be detected on an ultra sound when the fetus is as young as sixteen weeks old. The treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. There is no cure yet for this disease however curtain therapies can reduce pain and complications due to this disease. Bisphosphonates are drugs that have been used to treat Osteoporosis. They can increase the strength and the hardness of bone in people with Osteogenesis Imperfecta . They have also been shown to highly reduce fracture rate. Swimming and low impact exercises help maintain the strength of the bones. In more severe causes surgery may be used to place metal rods into long bone in the leg to help reduce the risk of any further fractures.

The Davids of the World :: essays papers

The David's of the World Sometime soon after the year 1430, a bronze statue of David stood in the courtyard of the house of the Medici. The work was commissioned of Donatello by Cosimo d'Medici himself, the founding father of the Republic of Florence. It was the first free-standing, life sized nude since classical victorious athletes of Greece and Rome. But soft, and some how oddly unheroic. And the incongruity of the heads: of hair and shaded by a laurel-crowned peasant's hat; Goliath's tragic, contorted expression, made sharper by the pentagonal helmet and coarse, disheveled beard. Innocence and evil. The weak triumphing over the strong. The city of Florence triumphing over the aggressive dukes of Milan? "David" as a civic-public monument. In the year 1469, Ser Piero from the Tuscan town of Vinci moved to Florence to become a notary. He rented a house on the Piazza San Firenze, not far from the Palazzo Vecchio. His son, who was a mere 17 years old upon their arrival, began and apprenticeship in the Florentine studio of the well known artist, Andrea Verrocchio. At this time, Veracchio was at work on a bronze sculpture of the young David. Might the head of this fine piece be a portrait of the young Leonardo da Vinci? For many years a block of marble lay untouched, tossed aside as unusable, irretrievable evidence of a botched attempt to carve a human form. It was eighteen feet high. A young sculptor, 26 years old, riding high after the enormous success of his figure of the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ, decided to ask for the piece. The wardens of the city in charge of such things let the artist have it. What did they have to lose? Getting anything out of it was better than nothing. So this young sculptor named Michelangelo measured and calculated. He mad a wax model of David with a sling in his hand. And he worked on his David continuously for some three years, until, a man named Vasari tells us, he brought it to perfect completion. Without letting anyone see it. A century later, a young sculptor, 25 years old, stares into a mirror at his steeled jaw and determined brow. A contemporary source tells us that on this day, perhaps, the mirror is being held by Cardinal Maffeo Berberini while Bernini transfers what he sees in himself to the face of his David.

The First Person Narrative Wuthering Heights :: Free Essay Writer

The First Person Narrative Wuthering Heights In Emily Bronte's text Whuthering Heights there are various characters that exercise some form of narrative function and their roles interrelate with their versions of what happens. The novel in presented in the first person narrative throughout, with the bulk of the story being presented via three main characters; Lookwood, Nelly Dean and Isabella with other characters at time presenting there own small insights. The first-degree narrator in Emily Bronte's text Whuthering Heights is Lookwood. His voice is the first we hear from the outset of the novel and essentially the entire story consists of the contents of Lookwood's diary which e has compiled from various sources, including diary entries, the back of books, stories that Nelly Dean tells him and his own first hand experiences. Lockwood is described by Dr. Tony Miller in his tutorial on Whuthering Heights as "A complete outsider...The London man, vein, convinced of his own attractiveness, partronising to Nelly, he says 'Goodness, you are very clever for a servant!'" is essence Lookwood is portrayed as a fool and he has a very specific role to play in the text. Lookwood's primary function is to demonstrate how not to understand the extraordinary people and events in Whuthering Heights through bringing in his own assumptions about the inhabitants of Thrush Cross Grange and Whuthering Heights Lookwood fails to full understand these extremely complex characters. Look wood acts as a reminder of the specialness of the people that we meet throughout the progression of the story. Nelly Dean is the person through whom we hear the bulk of the story, she is telling Lockwood of her own experiences and the experiences of others, which

Gattaca

The novel Lord of the Flies begins with a vision of a utopian society and setting but progresses into a disappoint island full of savagery and loss of civilization and innocence. When the boys are originally marooned on a well resourced tropical island, a place with no adults where they are free from the rules and structures of civilization and society, they are excited and ideally believe that they can create a perfect new world for themselves. This is particularly emphasized when Ralph states â€Å"But this is a good island. We- Jack, Simon and me- we climbed the mountain. It's wizard.There's food and drinks, and-† The repetition of the word ‘and' stresses how the boys believe the island is perfect and accommodates for all their needs. The true disappoint nature of the island is quickly revealed as the book progresses through the boys becoming murderous savages with a loss of civilization and innocence. The responders can draw parallels between the film Cattle and Lord of the Flies as Cattle too was originally portrayed as a Utopia. The society set up in the film is based around the idea of perfection and conformity where genetic engineering is used to create the ‘ideal' human being.Sound, costume and lighting are used to contribute to the effect of the setting. The costumes worn by Cattle employees are somber uniforms symbolic of an impersonal society and the only people who are focused on in close ups are Jerome, Doctor Lamer and Irene as the rest of the characters within the corporation are shown to not be individuals and there faces are blurred to symbolism this. The white light in Cattle is used to create a sense of cleanliness and artificial sterility reflecting the manufactured society.This sterile setting conceals the dark side of Cattle, being one of discrimination towards the â€Å"inferior† of society revealing that in fact Cattle is more of a dyspepsia as it isolates those of society who do not have modified genes. Within the society of Cattle, there is impenitent discrimination based on the assumption that genetic manipulation improves an individual. The opening scene begins with the amplified sound of fingernails falling to the floor with the use of extreme close-ups of genetic material, emphasizing the importance of genes in the society.Any child born without genetic engineering are seen as inferior and prejudice is displayed to them through their limited career paths and how they are treated by the upper society. The themes of superiority as opposed to inferiority are used forewarn humanity that people can oppress capable individuals and discriminate against them for their individuality and differences. Similarly, discrimination and prejudice is particularly evident in Lord of the flies which is shown by how the â€Å"littlest† are treated.The littlest don't even merit names and are treated as inferior rudeness which is utilized when Jack states, â€Å"l hope the best prefers Littleton. † The symbolism and repeated motifs accentuates to the responders how the younger children are viewed as useless and not looked after as they are of less importance to the older boys. It demonstrates the lack of care and consideration shown towards the little children along. The older children hope that their own safety can be exchanged for that of the littlest. It is a symbol of their disregard for the younger children and the intolerance shown towards them.As the book progresses, the boys become less and less unconcerned about overlooking the ‘littlest' and as their interest in looking after each other as a community deteriorates, the weaker they become and more susceptible to savagery as they begin to lose their humanity. This serves as a warning to mankind as humans overlook people of perceived less importance and tend to focus on themselves. Even Piggy who represents the rational, intellectual aspect of society and who offered the most helpful advice was discriminat ed against by the boys and was disregarded and shunned because of his appearances and differences.These are warnings that in society people are quick to discriminate anyone different to the mainstream, even though they may be of greater importance then initially realized. Cattle and Lord of the Flies both act as warnings to mankind which is exemplified through the theme of identity. The opening scene in Cattle emphasizes the restrictions on society expectations as shadows create a bar like pattern on Vincent body as he scrubs his body of excess DNA material.This film technique symbolically emphasizes the sense of imprisonment that Vincent feels as an invalid† in that society and enforces how his identity makes him feel trapped in the advanced society he lives in. Vincent states â€Å"l belonged to a new underclass, no longer determined by social status or the color of your skin. We now have discrimination down to a science.

Media and Communication Theory

In the 21st Century Media technology and Telecommunication Technology has undergone tremendous changes in its technological advancement. In the 1990’s this technological innovation has given birth to the World Wide Web and the Internet technology.Many writers in this field in many theoretical perspectives have analyzed the impact of media technology on society. In this essay I will discuss the theory of â€Å"technological determinism and its inevitability† using primarily the theoretical and historical evaluation of Media technology on society advocated by Burnett & P. David Marshall in their book â€Å"Web Theory: An Introduction†. In addition I will also use examples of Radio and Television on Western Society and the forces, which shaped the Medias impact on Society values and culture and, way of life as well as how it supplemented or whether it replaced the earlier Media technologies such as Television, radio, News papers and print technologies.Brief history of InternetThe origins of Internet are in the Military Institutions of USA. It was an incidental development to gather  Security information and assimilations within the defense bureaucracy. It was in the public domain as government was involved in its early development. Later the Universities recognized its potential to share information within the universities and they adopted this technology for their research work.As a result of this process the bulletin boards appeared first for science fiction and then for personal and other reasons by many user groups who had common interest. After the Internet was commercialized and independent service providers entered the market and e-commerce was introduced by the private sector and the control of web past from the public sector to the private sector. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, pp: 11-12)Definition of the theory of â€Å"technological determinism and inevitabilityThe theory of technological determinism can be defined as the major influence of the dominant technology to have a major impact on society and its inevitability and its transformation power and the replacement of older technologies and social practices. It assumes that people react to technology and economic, social, institutional and political factors is not that important and the major force can be reduced to technology as a major change agent for the societies advancement and enlightenment. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003. pp: 10-11)Origins of the theory of â€Å"technological determinism and inevitabilityThe origins of the theory were due to several writers who promoted this theory as well as powerful people in politics and in Commerce promoted it. These writers attributed just like other media technologies the Internet also will have a revolutionary impact on society. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, pp: 7-8)The ideology of technology and its effectsThe ideology of technology means is a representation is completely normal and natural for the culture as well asappropriate.   That is the new technology not only natural and normal bur also what is needed to make the society better. It reduces the debate to a functional level rather than public debate and becomes a cultural reality in every day lives and we accept new technology passively. It promotes that we cannot be happy without the latest model of technological equipment or model. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, p: 9)Evaluation of Technological determinism based on Web TheoryAs discussed above from the brief history of the Internet and noticing other factors has also played a part in the evolution of the Internet such as institutional and social patterns it is obvious that new technology alone may not bring about a revolutionary change in society.   As well if this theory stifles public debate it may not produce positive outcomes and can be detriment for societies progress.   In addition it does not take in to account social, economic Institutional and political factors as important and it may oversimplify how technology impacts society and gives in appropriate weight for technology as a major factor for social betterment.However some writers of technical determinists have shed some light on the actual development of web technology, which in itself can be a major social change factor in limited situations.   They are H.A. Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Lewis Mumford (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, P: 12).   According to H. A InnisA dominant communication medium can be time-based or space based. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, P: 13) According to him time- based communication system will produce a close society and a space based communication medium will produce a more open society. (, Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall 2003, P: 13) Web technology is an active play with space and time and its diffused and web does not have a center however as it originates in America on the other hand it may create a centralizing model of communication. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, P: 14-15).Another interesting question. which arises from Inns insight is how the space is defined through the web? Does the control of virtual space control the geographical space? (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall 2003, P: 15) The virtual space is discontinuous with the material world of countries and geopolitics. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall 2003, P: 15) However there may be new divides acrossEvaluation of Technological determinism based on Web Theory  geographical boundaries in the virtual world grouping activities and interests which may relate to power groups that may be not coordinated with the interests of empires if multinational companies do not control the cyberspace. If they control the cyberspace then it will have repercussions in the international geopolitics of work, economy and culture. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall 2003, P: 15)In the perspective of Marshall McLu han he theorizes technology as a medium. In the Web Theory of Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall they highlight the utility of seeing web as a medium rather than its content because it points in the right direction how a technology incorporates other technologies in the early stages and evolves on a long-term basis rather than replacing past technologies as web uses voice, text, visual and graphics to convey messages and linked with other networks and similar sites.(Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall. 2003 p: 17) In addition McLuhan saw the expansion of television and other communication technology internationally he came with an idea of global village. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall. 2003 p: 18). According to Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall this idea of global village in respect of television internationally a least for 80 years in their view television as a media technology has been a major force for the culmination of nation state and nationalistic cultures as well they concl uded in some circumstances the television and other media technologies can have similarities for example the death of Kennedy televised across the world may have produced a kind of global village.However they rejected that these events did not produce sense of community like a village, which depended on interpersonal knowledge to make sense of the world. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall. 2003 p: 18)Evaluation of Technological determinism based on Web TheoryMcLuhan also has theorized technology can produce electronic collective consciousness. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall. 2003, p: 19). In the view of Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall this idea is utopian however they concluded that in smaller ways web technology can produce collective consciousness because of its nature and accessibility to information learning in schools and beyond has become to retrieve information and transform in to knowledge and action rather than route learning and memorization in western societies befo re advent of the web. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall. 2003, p: 19).As well Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall point in page 20 that technology can shape our behavior in particular ways so that we often become unified with the technology and give examples of driving a car and it has to become automatic to drive the car with confidence.According to Mumford technology has become out-of control and poised to ask question whether web has become out-of-control and a channel for further centralization of power or web is an extension of general human interest and democratizing knowledge and power? As well on an individual level one can ask the question does the web intuitively an extension of self in to kind of collective network of knowledge or information or the individual is absorbed in to the web technology which produces technological rationality that does not allow the individual to examine the system the individual is using.(Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, p: 20). Accordi ng to Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall these questions are complex and there is no simple answer and it depends on the web culture and the kind of information and knowledge it generates. (Robert Burnett, P. David Marshall, 2003, p: 20).Examples of existence of Radio and Television in the advent of web TechnologyIn the western world even in the era of web technology some groups get news and other information as a medium as opposed to web technology because of its appropriateness to some groups and in some contexts. For example if say a politician wants to convey a message then Television and radio is preferable to web technology as web technology is not accessible to may people and it has to have some interaction than the other medium and web technology is diffused than has a central point. That is the older technologies have their niche markets even in the advent of web technology and web technology supplements the other older technologies and they don’t replace overnight th ese technologies but in an evolutionary manner they enter in to our lives. The technology in itself has an impact on society.However as envisaged by the technological determinist theorists the dominant technology does not change in a revolutionary manner the society and other factors such as economic, Institutional, social patterns and cultural factors shape the use of technology and they play a part in shaping the society as a whole. In addition all previous technologies loose their transformation power after some time. For example Radio when invented promised a kind of utopian future for human knowledge, education and enhancement and change society in a revolutionary manner but radio did not realize this vision as envisaged by many technological determinist writers and powerful leaders at that time. It applies to Television as well.In addition news papers and libraries still exist side by side with web technology but they use web technologyTo advertise their services and to delive r services efficiently and expand markets as web technology is more spatial than the other technologies.ConclusionAs discussed above technology definitely to some extent shape our lives. However it does not shape our life in a revolutionary manner as proposed by the technological determinist theorists. Other factors play a part in shaping the technology itself and social, Institutional, political and cultural factors affect societies development and progress as well. In addition the new media technology as discussed above do not replace it but supplements and converge. It is also from the above discussion some theoretical insights in a limited manner applies to web technology as well in terms of its collective consciousness in some contexts and seeing web as a medium and the human-technological interface as theorized by some technological determinist theorists.In my view the Technological determinist theory is applicable in some circumstances and context but it is not applicable to web technology or any other technology that technology itself will transform society. However web technology compared to older technology has a potential to be in our day-to-day life in a long-term trajectory because of its versatility and its special communication medium.BibliographyRobert Burnett, P. David Marshall, (2003) Web Theory: An Introduction, Chapter 1: Web Technology, London & NY: Routledge, pp7-22

Challenges and Opportunities for Entrepreneurs and Business Owners Essay

Rick Suttle Rick Suttle has been writing professionally since 2009, publishing health and business articles on various websites. He has worked in corporate marketing research and as a copywriter. Suttle has a Bachelor of Science in marketing from Miami University and a Master of Business Administration from California Coast University. Business owners often face challenges with financing their companies. Business owners face many challenges when running companies. Competition can be stiff in any industry. Thus, you must find time to keep track of what key competitors are doing. Consumer preferences can also change over time, so you must fully understand what products and features your customers want. You also will face other key challenges with regard to capital, employees and planning. 1. Financing the Business * Owners are faced with the challenge of financing their businesses — both when starting out and during growth phases. Sole proprietors sometimes use savings or investment accounts to start businesses. However, financing your own business can be risky. Make sure you have money for your living expenses when financing your business, as it may take months to earn a profit. It is often difficult to get a bank loan. All banks will check your credit before giving you a loan, so get copies of your credit report and make sure it is accurate; errors can negatively impact your credit score. You also can apply for a loan through the SBA (Small Business Administration). However, the SBA often charges higher interest rates, the Microsoft Business website notes. 2. Building Profits * It can take time to build profits in a business, whether you are using direct sales or advertising to grow your business. You will need reinvest a large portion of your profits into additional advertising. Companies that use advertising build profits by gradually increasing advertising expenditures each month. For example, you may need to spend $500 to make $1,500, a 300 percent return on your advertising investment. Assuming you can average similar returns, you may decide to invest the entire $1,000 profit to make $3,000. Keep in contact with your customers. Try to get repeat sales as often as you can, which also will help you increase profits. 3. Finding Qualified Employees * Small business owners will have the challenge of finding qualified employees. Larger companies usually offer higher salaries and better health benefits than smaller ones, so you may need to find employees who recognize the inherent benefits of working for smaller companies. For example, employees can move up more quickly in a smaller organization. Another option is offering some type of profit sharing. With a solid product concept and business plan, some job applicants will recognize the monetary benefits of profit sharing. 4. Time Management * A smaller but still important challenge for business owners is time management. Small business owners often need to multitask as they have fewer employees to perform routine tasks. The key to mastering time management is prioritizing your tasks each day. Complete the tasks that are most crucial to building profits. For example, go to the meeting with a customer and work on your sales budget afterward. Challenges of Business Owners | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_7847252_challenges-business-owners.html#ixzz2HY0QNYtL Common Challenges Entrepreneurs Face and How to Overcome Them * 5 Most Common Challenges Entrepreneurs Face and How to Overcome Them * My Personal Challenges as an Entrepreneur and How I Overcame Them†¦ * Armed for Battle: An Army of Entrepreneurs Book Review * How Far Are You Willing to Go for Your Dreams? * Brenda Rivas: How She Used Her Unhappiness in Her Corporate America Job to Propel Her to Start Her Own Business 1. Negative Mindset The battle always starts in the mind! Our own fears, excuses, and just basically any thing that paralyzes us from moving forward to our destiny is cultivated in our mind. Feelings of inadequacy such as â€Å"I don’t know if I can do this† or â€Å"I am not qualified enough to start this happen† – these are often thoughts that entrepreneurs deal with. This can often come from our own low self-esteem, lack of support, or our upbringing. How to Overcome: a. Do not entertain the thoughts. Remember that whatever you focus on gets magnified. If you pay no attention to it, it will not linger. But for as long as you are nursing it, it will grow in your head and eventually overtake you! b. Surround yourself with positive people. Birds of same feathers flock together is a popular saying but it is true. If you hang with negative people who criticize other people and put them down and do pity party, then before long, you will find yourself like one. See why it’s important to surround yourself with positive people. c. Empower yourself by reading inspirational articles, success stories, great books, movies and anything that will encourage you and motivate you. Attend seminars and workshops if you can! 2. Overwhelming Feelings There is always a huge learning curve when you first start a business. Although you may have lots of experience in the corporate world in your field, it’s totally different when you’re the captain of your own ship. Now, you have to be the boss, the marketer, the secretary, the customer service person, the shipper, and the list goes on! But these overwhelming feelings surely do not only come to starting entrepreneurs. Some experienced and successful entrepreneurs tend to feel overwhelmed at times too so don’t be discouraged. How to Overcome: a. Take short breaks in between your tasks. I find that taking 2 or 3 minute break away from my computer helps. b. Pace yourself. Create a to-do list and make sure that you only put whatever you can handle within a realistic time frame on any given day. c. Outsource some of your tasks. If you’re growing too quick, hire a virtual assistant or a local person who doesn’t mind coming over to your home office to help you out with some tasks. d. Make sure to set aside two days off. A business is a business, however, this time it is yours and you have the flexibility to create your own hours and set your days off without any problem. It is ideal to have a couple of days off or more if you can afford it to avoid possible quick burn out. e. If you’re suffering from information overload, 3. Lack of Support Some entrepreneurs have been blessed to have supportive husbands, family, children, and friends. Some of this support group have the ability to help make the entrepreneur’s business grow but some could only offer moral support†¦which, hey, it’s more than you could ask for! While some of us are blessed like that, others lack both moral and business support. How to Overcome: a. Network with your local business organizations and find people that have the same vision and goal as you do. b. Find a virtual group of people in Social Media that support and promote each other. (Shameless Plugging: Yes, this is what The Entrepreneur Chic Social Club is all about! Details coming soon! *Wink wink*) c. Invest in a mentor or a business coach. 4. Growing a Business The challenge in growing a business mostly lies in the lack of financial resources. Let’s face it, money begets money. If you have the money, it’s easier to put your product out there in hundreds of thousands of people just like the bigger brands, the Fortune 500 companies. You see them on TV, radio, billboards, social media, and sometimes maybe in your inbox! Unfortunately, for most small business and starting entrepreneurs, this is not the case. You have to work hard to make money so you can use that to make more money! How ironic, isn’t it? But that’s where the challenge is! I really do believe that this area of having your own business teaches you a lot about persistence and creates such an experience for you that molds you as a business person. How to Overcome: a. Be patient. Growing a business takes time. The level of effort that you put in is directly equivalent to the level of result you’re going to get but do not expect an overnight result. It’s like planting a seed, it takes time to become a tree. b. Learn as much as you could about marketing (including social marketing) for as long as your brain can handle without overloading it! c. Research on ways you can acquire funding. Be creative! (perhaps you can do your own fundraising technique) See if you might be qualified for a small business loan. 5. Feelings of Wanting to Give Up Because a business takes time to grow and it usually takes a lot of effort to make it work, feelings of wanting to give up do come sometimes, especially when you’re not seeing the results that you want when you want it. Perhaps your funds are already starting to get depleted or you’re getting physically and mentally drained. How to Overcome: a. Do not entertain the thought. b. If you’re not seeing any results, evaluate your product, service, target market, and your marketing strategies. Perhaps your product isn’t the right one for the group of people that you’re presenting it to. Maybe it needs to have a lot of improvement in its presentation/packaging or price. c. Take some time off. Sometimes stepping away gives you a better perspective of where things are at and ideas flow better when your mind is rested. http://www.entrepreneurchic.com/5-most-common-challenges-entrepreneurs-face-and-how-to-overcome-them/ 5 Types of Business Opportunities for Entrepreneurs Are you a restless entrepreneur? Are you the type of person who wants to go into business to be your own boss and succeed through your own decision making? Many people feel the call to become an entrepreneur, but are not sure what type of business to start. There are many entrepreneur opportunities you could choose. Here is a brief look at different types of business opportunities available: Buy a Franchise Many entrepreneurs like to have a business going full speed right off the bat. Rather than spending time reinventing the proverbial wheel, an entrepreneur will buy a franchise opportunity. A franchise is an existing business with a solid business plan and process already in place. An entrepreneur can operate a new business under a recognized business name and receive support from the franchise headquarters with marketing, promotional materials, new business products or services, etc. Good examples of popular franchises are McDonalds and Subway restaurants, home cleaning businesses, Dollar Store, or fitness centers. Distributorship or Dealership Another place to find business opportunity leads is with distributorships and dealerships. A distributor is a person or business that has an agreement to sell products or services produced by another company. Think of an Amway distributor or Avon distributor as a good example. A dealer is much like a distributor, but more focused on one product. An auto dealership may sell only Hondas, or an insurance agent might be considered a ‘dealer’ in life insurance. Network Marketing While an Avon lady might be considered a ‘distributor,’ there is much more to this type of business opportunity. In addition to distributing the products or services offered by the parent company, a network marketer also strives to recruit other distributors. By creating a â€Å"network† of distributors, a person can earn considerable income through residual commissions made from the distributors working under them. This entrepreneur opportunity is also known as Multilevel Marketing. Licensing You might also find entrepreneur opportunities through licensing. Licensing is where you can be creative and invent products, but use the name brand, icon, or trademark of a widely recognized business. Think of Disney products. An inventor may come up with a great idea for a child’s toy that would become a big seller if the famous Mickey Mouse was associated with the product. By obtaining a license from Disney, the inventor could produce his product and profits would be shared by both parties. Filling a Niche While pre-made or other types of business opportunities can be lucrative through a parent or franchise company already enjoying great success, entrepreneur opportunities also exist for a person to simply find a consumer need and discover a way to solve it. Perhaps you are a new mother who finds a need for a baby product not on the market, and therefore, you create and distribute one of your own. Or you are a specialist who finds that other businesses will pay for your consultation and expertise in improving a business function. Any entrepreneur who wants to make a business of his or her own has many types of business opportunities to explore. Find the one right for you and enjoy the success you can build on your own. At the beginning of each year, there is always a little buzz about what will be the next new big ticket. The world is supposed to end in 2012, so I hope you’ll buy 50 pair of underwear, six months’ worth of food rations and about 500 gallons of water. I hope you will make those purchases, not because I think the world is going to end, but because I’m starting an underwear-manufacturing company, a food-rations-supply firm and a water-supply business. Each of these businesses will be hot in the new year as hysteria kicks into overdrive in 2012. Don’t believe me? Flash back to Y2K. Businesses spent around $500 billion to save themselves from impending doom. But nothing happened. Not even a little Y2K postmortem belch. Nothing happened, except that vendors in 1999 pulled in a cool half trillion! So if you’re looking for the next hot opportunity for entrepreneurs in 2012, keep these five areas in mind. 1. Elderly consumers Because people are living longer these days, a flood of products and services will be designed to cater to the older crowd. Businesses will introduce not-so-obvious services. New retirement villages will spring up and new services that cater to the elderly, such as chair lifts for getting into airplane seats. 2. Domestic purchasing With Europe on shaky financial ground, expect businesses to do more domestic purchasing. There is volatility ahead, so if you are based in the U.S. and have competitors overseas, you may have an advantage in 2012. It’s safer to purchase domestically, where buyers perceive more stability, even if it is more costly. 3. Mobile purchasing If you are familiar with Square, you know that this is just the beginning. In 2012, we will see a big surge in payments made with smartphones. Entrepreneurs who have not optimized their websites and their businesses for smartphone transactions are giving money away. In fact, the research firm Emarketer says that smartphone transactions are expected to exceed $6.5 billion by 2015. That’s a lot of coin. 4. Genetic DNA sequencing It’s not the sequencing itself that entrepreneurs need to jump on, but keeping it under $1,000. Technological advancements continue at mind-blowing speed. As Moore’s Law predicts, every 18 months technology doubles in performance and cuts the cost in half. In 2012, we should see genetic decoding available for $1,000 or less. That price point would make it available to the average person. Most people would have the means to determine their genetic propensity to problems, and to take immediate action to live longer and healthier. This will create a boom in DNA-sequencing services and related health care services. Jump on it now, before it becomes another Walmart offering, like flu shots are now. 5. World ending Not. My biggest, boldest prediction is that the world will not end in December 2012 (even though the Mayan calendar shows that it will). But that doesn’t mean there won’t be big opportunities to profit from the hype that will build. It could represent millions, or even billions, in revenue. People spent nearly $1 billion preparing for Y2K to hit, and nothing happened. We are creatures of habit and will likely do the same for 2012. So, if you believe the Mayan calendar may not be accurate about the world ending in 2012, consider ways to profit from these areas. They should be lucrative and provide plenty of opportunity. Besides, the Mayan calendar also predicted that the Kim Kardashian marriage would last more than 12 months, and it was wrong about that, too!

Access Control Essay

In this scenario, the fitness club was hacked from an unknown source. The fitness club has contracted Malcom Testing Solutions to do penetration tests and find any vulnerabilities along with make some security changes to prevent this issue from happening again. The security policies need to be changed as far as account management. For starters, the security policies for account management need to be updated. The user’s password needs to changed every 90 days. Any employee that has remote access should have a token key on a USB drive that provides the user’s credentials. When an employee retires, quits, or gets fired, they accounts should be locked until IT administrators can go through the account. If the employee had a USB token for remote access, it should be taken back by the IT personnel to prevent unauthorized remote access. Penetration testing should be done to test the network for vulnerabilities. There are several types of penetration testing. â€Å"An automate d port based scan is generally one of the first steps in a traditional penetration test because it helps obtain a basic overview of what may be available on the target network or host. Port based scanners check to determine whether a port on a remote host is able to receive a connection. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Generally, this will involve the protocols which utilize IP (such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc.), However, ports on other network protocols could be present as well dependent on the environment (for example, it’s quite common in large mainframe environments for SNA to be in use). Typically, a port can have one of two possible states: open – the port is able to receive data and closed – the port is not able to receive data. A service based vulnerability scanner is one which utilizes specific protocols to communicate with open ports on a remote host, to determine more  about the service that is running on that port. This is more precise than a port scan, because it does not rely on the port alone to determine what service is running. For example, a port scan may be able to identify that TCP port 8000 is open on a host, but it will not know based on that information alone what service is running there. A service scanner would attempt to communicate with the port using d ifferent protocols. If the service running on port 8000 is able to correctly communicate using HTTP, then it will be identified as a web server. Lastly, banner grabbing is the process of connecting to a specific port and examining data returned from the remote host to identify the service/application bound to that port. Often in the connection process, software will provide an identification string which may include information such as the name of the application, or information about which specific version of the software is running.† (â€Å"Vulnerability Analysis,† 2014) After the penetration testing, the system can be updated to mitigate any vulnerabilities that were found. Firewall changes, IP addresses can be allowed or denied, and software updates are some simple changes that can be made to make a network system more secure. References Vulnerability Analysis. (2014, August 16). http://www.pentest-standard.org/. Retrieved from http://www.pentest-standard.org/index.php/Vulnerability_Analysis

The Ways of Translation Neologisms

Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language Abstract In the world, Chinese and English has both the longest history and most people used compared with any other language. As the society developed more and more quickly, many kind of new information came out. Including them was that, there were a lot of neologisms in Chinese words. Many people who do English translation study found that it is much harder to translate these words than any others. New words were born from the antiquity, and they could miss the most important things happened at that moment.So translating these new words were paid much more attention by researchers. New words in this paper are all based on neologisms in news language. This thesis aimed to study the translation of neologism in news language from two aspects—word formation of new words and the background of new words. And then with the help of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of neologism in news language, the paper will enumerate some translation strategies and some ways to improve the quality of neologism in news language. Introduction 1.Characteristics of Neologism in News Language 2. Principles for Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 1Yan Fu’s Translation Principles 2. 2Guidance of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 3Significance of Translation of Neologism in News Language 3. Word Formation of Neologism in News Language 3. 1Adding New Meaning to the Old Words 3. 2Borrowing 3. 3Derivation 3. 4Blending 3. 5Abbreviation 4. Background of Neologism in News Language 4. 1Politics and Economy 4. 2Culture 4. 3Society 5.Translation Strategies Derived from Word Formation 5. 1Literal Translation 5. 2Liberal Translation 5. 3Transliteration 5. 4Combination of Liberal Translation and Transliteration 5. 5Omission 5. 6Translation According to the Background of Neologism in News Language 6. Ways to Improve the Quali ty of Neologism in News Language 6. 1Understand Background Knowledge 6. 2Learn to Look up Newspaper and Magazines for Reference Conclusion Introduction With the development of society, politics, economy and any other aspects of the world, languages had been exerted profound influence.That is to say, more and more new words have entered the word bank. Since these new words have a very close relationship with all kinds of new changes, new trends and new development in our society, translators and interpreters have the responsibility to translate these new words accurately so that foreigners will learn more about China’s development and national condition (Zhang Jian, 2003). You can hear many new words such as â€Å"blog, MM, lip-synching, Golden week†, even in CCTV1’s news channel like â€Å"House slave, gunmen, hype, the cottage†.If you don’t follow the fashion, you can hardly understand these words. What’s the most important, you can never f ind a school to learn it. As Newmark (2001) once said, neologism is perhaps the non-literary and the professional translator’s biggest problem. Nowadays, the ways of getting massages are various, but the most convenience idea is from news. We read news from newspaper, on line, on TV, on radio and so on . So, for helping others to read and translate with so many neologism, this paper will analyze the definition and the word’s formation of neologism in news language.And then the paper will enumerate several translation strategies and some ways to improve the quality of neologism in news language. 1. Characteristics of Neologism in News Language As Chen Chuxiang (1998) said: neologisms are relative. It is a new word today, and it may be not tomorrow. Zhang Jian (2007) thought, â€Å"News reports are open to the public, reflect the trend of times immediately, and hold responsibility for the whole society. These characteristics have determined the basic principles of news reports—honesty, accuracy and fairness.Therefore, translation of news language must also comply with these principles, and be easy to understand. Besides, Zhang Jian (2008) also said, as a branch of translation, news translation should comply with the principles of translation, too. At the same time, considering the special demands of news coverage and the fact that it is published to the public, and immediately reflects the trend of our times, when doing news translation,one should treat these basic principles much more flexibly. One should come up with the specific methods when meeting specific problems (Zhang Jian, 2007).As Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. (1982) once pointed out, â€Å"each language has its own genius†¦ Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon another, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes necessary to reproduce the message in the distinctive structural forms of the receptor language. † The O xford Dictionary of New Words (1991) defines a new word as word; phrase or meaning that came into popular use or enjoyed a vogue during a certain period of time.These words is said to be the â€Å"weather report† to mirror the character all kind of area and time of the word. 2. Principles for Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 1Yan Fu’s Translation Principles Translation principles and criteria can give instruction to translators. Also, they are the standards to measure translation quality (Wang Qi & Yang Jingning, 2003). In China, since the great scholar Yan Fu put forward the three principles of â€Å"faithfulness†, â€Å"expressiveness†, â€Å"elegance†, more than a hundred years has passed.Yet it still exerts great influence for the current translation activity. According to Shen Suru (1998), â€Å"faithfulness† means that the translated version must first be true and loyal to the original version. Sometimes, in order to faithf ully convey the meaning of the original text, form of the target language may not be consistent with the source language. â€Å"Expressiveness† refers to the principle that the content of the original version (including meaning, information, style etc) should be expressed in the target language very well so that readers can fully understand its original meaning. Elegance† means that the style of the target language must be true to that of the source language. â€Å"Elegance† concerns about the language style, therefore, when talking about the principle of â€Å"elegance†, people will usually focus on the translation of a passage. Since this thesis focus on the words translation, the principle of â€Å"elegance† will not be discussed here . In order to avoid various kinds of wrong translations and to improve the translation quality of new words, we should acquire the main principles of new words translation. . 2Guidance of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language ( 2. 2 , ) While employing Yan Fu’s translation principles to instruct the translation of neologism, we should pay much attention to many aspects special the following three. First of all, the basic principles of news reports—honesty and accuracy require the translator to fully understand the meaning of the neologism in news language, and to translate it exactly, without any incorrectness or distortion.Second, the principle of fairness requires that the translated version must be objective, with no emotional factor, for instance, discrimination. Third, because news reports are open to the public, translation of neologism in news language must take every person’s education background into consideration, trying to be as plain as possible and avoiding using some vague words. Research about the word formation of neologism in news language will help translators to learn more about the origin of new words. Some neologism in news language is developed from the old one.So it must have some connection with the old one. Having known the word formation of new words, one can easily understand the meaning. From this aspect, word formation can help translators adhere to the principle of â€Å"faithfulness†. However, not all the new words will show their meaning through their word formation. We can not understand their meaning by their word formation. Jia Wenbo (2008) once pointed out in the CE Translation for Current Affairs: from the perspective of linguistics, the meaning of a certain word can be grouped into connotation and reference.Reference means a linguistic form that refers to the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. It will be bothered by the outside factors, like context. Connotation refers to the meaning of a word that is added by its users. It is beyond the language itself and relate s to people’ feeling and social behaviors. Sometimes, it can have political significance, social significance, situational significance, historic significance, cultural significance and other meanings in a certain cultural environment.It usually emerges from peoples’ emotion and thinking. Therefore, this kind of meaning is subjective and is hard to discover. Usually it hides behind the reference. Its expression highlights contextual factor, cultural factor, personal feeling. The accurate meaning is uncertain. For such kind of new words, we should pay more attention to their background information. Usually, their background information may give us some hint about their meaning. It is obvious that background information is conducive to the understanding of the meaning if neologism in news language.So background information will do a lot for translators to achieve the goal of â€Å"faithfulness†. In addition, relevant background information of new words in a certai n field will help translators to learn more about right way to express their meaning. They will be very careful to choose the right words and employ some terms in the certain field to express their meaning. For example, if a new word emerges from politics, one may choose some formal words rather than some casual ones when doing translation. From this aspect, we may say that background information can also improve the expressiveness of translation. . 3Significance of Translation of Neologism in News Language As Shang Hong (2008) once pointed out, â€Å"With the further improvement of external publicity work, we need to show a more positive and brand new China to the rest of the world. The translation of Chinese new words plays a vital role in promoting our external propaganda work and cultural transmission. Therefore, to translate these Chinese new words well will definitely improve the overall quality of Chinese-English translation as well as receive fruitful result from the extern al propaganda work†.By the same token, good translation of English new words will also help us to learn more about English-speaking countries, including their development in many social aspects, like economy, science & technology, culture and so on. In this information era, how to translate these new words more effectively so that it will become easier for readers both from at home and abroad to accept and learn new things is of great significance. The translator should not only have a good command of both English and Chinese language, but also keep the pace with the development of modern society.Hence, to translate these new words is a laborious but not satisfying job (Yang Quanhong, 2003). To translate these new words, it is essential to come up with useful translation principles. 3. Word Formation of Neologism in News Language Neologism in news language is born with the society development, and it can mirror the most important things of that moment (Strang , Babara,1990). L iu Mingdong and Jiang Xuejun (2002) once classified the word formation of English new words into six groups: adding affixes, transferring, compounding, blending, abbreviation and adding new meaning to the old words.And Han Guoqing (2003) classified the word formation of English new words into Compounding, Borrowing from Proper Nouns, Abbreviation, and Borrowing from Foreign Languages. Besides, Huang Ping (2006) also classified the word formation of English new words into another six categories: Derivation, Compounding, Abbreviation, Blending, Analogical Creation, and Semantic Extension. All the above-mentioned word formation is related to the English new words. Few scholars have done some systematic research into the word formation of Chinese new words. 3. Adding New Meaning to the Old Words The most directness way to create a new word is adding new meaning to the old word. By this way, one can easily to remember a word and it can be very colorful meaning. By doing so, the original expression of the word has been divided into a new lexeme. From this aspect, we can say that if a word gains a new meaning, it has added a new lexeme to the vocabulary (Wang Rongpei, 2000). Such as space shuttle? software? video phone think tank and so on. 3. 2Borrowing Borrowing words means using the basic meaning to decorate the new things.Through this way, these words can much more quickly spread and give person a easy way to realize. For example, â€Å"window† means an opening in the wall of a building which now have an other means as the window on computer. The same to the word â€Å"mouse†, it means a small animal with along tail, but now almost everyone know it refer to a tool with computer. 3. 3Derivation Vocabulary system is a developing system, and it not only proceeds words which are useful, but also change them, switch them, abound them and expand itself(,1999). Now we live in cyber society, so many new words about cyber appear.Like cyberspace , cyberage , cyberrevolution, cyberculture, cybernews, cyberlove, cybermania, cybercafe, cybercrime, cyberfraud, cyberlan , cyberporn, cybersickness, cyberkidnapper and so on. As we see, cyber above all means. Ayto(1999) pointed out that, from now on, the most used way to formation a new word is blending ,and almost three forth of new words are created by this way. 3. 4Blending We put two different meaning words into one new word, and it is named blending. Many Chinese new words are all born from this way ,so are English words. Internet? netizen? modem? email? codec ? avionics? smartdrv? forex? stagfla2tion? oopetitio? prosumer ? netiquette ? informania ? p sywar ( ),these words can be saw everywhere in news. When we use them, we may keep a habit like below: Netiquette ( )=et (? ) + etiquette ( ) ; informania ( )=information( )+mania (? )? We carry the front meaning of the first word and the tail of the second word together to be the new word. Besides some words are scraped by their conception l ike email ( )=electronic +mail ; netizen=network + citizen Barnhart(1995) wrote the book The Barnhart Dictionary of New English Since 1963. It had more than 6000 new words and about 900 words came from this way. 3. Abbreviation An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning â€Å"short†) is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. The shortened form of a phrase can be referred to as acronym. And the shortened form of a word can be called as clipped words. The first category is usually applied in the abbreviation of many organizations and proper nouns, such as â€Å"PC (personal computer)†, â€Å"PDA (personal digital assistant)†, â€Å"SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)†, â€Å"DINK (double incomes, no kids)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In Chinese, we can also find such kind of new words, such as â€Å" )†, â€Å" ( )†,â€Å" ( + + ) †. 4. Background of Neologism in News Language 4. 1Politics and Economy ( ) After the afire of Watergate, this word spreads all over the word. So as the women liberation sport, after it , many new words came about like chairwoman( ),mono-sex( )? And the words deflation( )),value added tax( ),Euro( )come from Economy slump. During the 2009, the most famous black people Barack Obama let the whole world’s people know him. As a result, the new words using his name are born here and there. For example, adding (fy) behind the Obama was used widely. Could you please leave your hate and bigotry to the polit2ical forums? I want to talk football please. Thanks in advance. † â€Å"I understand your point, however, when you Obamafy your profile on he re, you invite political discourse. Kudos on the standard / hate and bigotry0 comment toward those who don't want the junior Senator from ACORN to occupy the White House†. Besides, last year, the economic crisis has made many countries’ economy suffer great loss, affecting every aspect of our life. At the same time, many new words have emerged. Economic crisis has changed people’s living style.In their daily life, people begin to become economical. In order to advocate thrift way of living style, many newspapers and magazines launched â€Å"hundred yuan ( )† activity. 4. 2Culture Chinese people like the color red, and red is the national color. In China, red means lucky, happy and enthusiasm. To celebrate festival, wedding, and form, people use red to express welfare and mascot. Brides dressed in red, many lantern hung on the door with the color red, and the people who got the most welcome is called red people. So we can see many new phrases with red like red carpet red cedar ; red cell ; Red Cross ; red flag ; red scarf ; bright red ; red clay ; red blood cell ; red thread ; the red maple leaves. ( ) 4. 3Society Since 80th and 90th in the last century, with the rapid popularizing of computers and spread of Internet, the Internet culture has been causing significant changes in every corner of our life. A good case in point is â€Å"Blog†. Almost every netizen has a blog site, some even more. Many words related to blog has also entered our vocabulary, like â€Å" or Blogosphere†, â€Å" r celeblog†, â€Å" or charity blogger†, â€Å" or tree hole post†, â€Å" or online post bar† and so on. 5. Translation Strategies Derived from Word Formation Word formation has a close relationship with the translation of new words. Usually, five ways are employed in the translation of new words. They are literal translation, liberal translation, transliteration, combination of liberal translation and transliteration, and omission. For words which belong to a certain kind of word formation, we can use suitable measures to translate them. 5. 1Literal TranslationLiteral translation, also known as direct translation, is the rendering of text from one la nguage to another in the way of â€Å"word-for-word† form. This kind of translation strategy can easily maintain the form of the source language. Usually we translate words one by one for example mad cow disease ( ) , Internet bar ( ) , compari2son – shop ( ) , video conference ( ) ,information superhighway ( ) , Gulf War Syn2drom ( ) , business tourism ( ) ,golden goal ( ) , chemotherapy ( ) , genet2ic engineering( ) , community care ( ) ,gene therapy( ,magnetic shift ( )and so on. It is very easy for Chinese people who just learn English for a short time and they can translate accurately like others. 5. 2Liberal Translation In liberal translation, the translated version must keep the content of the source language, but may have difference in its form. When words translated in such way first appear in news, readers may feel very strange. But they will soon be accepted by the public. This method is usually applied to the translation of new words formed by word formatio n of â€Å"adding new meaning to old words† and borrowing.For example generalist /versatile educating( ) ? South Korean Trend ( ) ? pyramid selling( ) ? nest egg ( ) ? quiz kid ( ) ? mind relief ( ) and so on. Such as golf widow, football widow, TV widow, and computer widow, these are not meaning of women who lost husbands. They means women’s husbands enjoy golf, football, TV, computer so that forget they have wives. 5. 3Transliteration ( ) There are many words we had never seen them before, so we could not know their Chinese meaning. So we could only translate them by their pronunciation. Such as (Disco) , ( bikini) , ( clone) , hacker) , (media) , ( blog) , (? ) cool, ( ) talk show. And sometimes we could even know little of the meaning ,so we can together these two ways to translate like yuppie ( ) ,A IDS ( ) , bungee – jump ing( ) , beeper (BP? ) , pickup ( ) , gene bank ( ) 5. 4Combination of Liberal Translation and Transliteration Both liberal translation and transliteration have some drawbacks. To make full use of liberal translation and transliteration, and to avoid their disadvantages, translators usually employ a more effective method—the combination of liberal translation and transliteration.A good case in point is â€Å"bungee†. In Chinese, it is translated into â€Å" †, which has expressed the original meaning very well. â€Å" † is translated according to the pronunciation, and the word â€Å"? †, which means limitation, has reflected the spirit of this activity—to challenge the limitation. The word â€Å"? † which is translated according to its meaning, has shown the nature of this new sport—jumping from a tall building. Besides, since there are many kinds of jumping in Chinese, such as â€Å" †, â€Å" †, the Chinese version will not sounds strange to Chinese readers. So we can say that the Chinese version â€Å" is a very successful translation example in terms of â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. Another example is â€Å" †. One of its English versions is â€Å"taikonaut (It refers to the Chinese astronauts exclucively)†. Obviously, the first part â€Å"taiko† is translated according to the pronunciation â€Å" †. By doing so, it has kept the original flavor of the Chinese phrase, therefore, being true to the original version. The second part â€Å"naut† means sailor. When combined together, they have reflected the original meaning of a person who travels in space for the Chinese space program.Also, the suffix is often seen in English, as in the words â€Å"astronaut† and â€Å"aeronaut†, so the English version â€Å"taikonaut† has also conform to the word formation in English, and is easy for readers from English-speaking countries to understand. 5. 5Omission With more and more people today using English in life, work, game, English has become on e aspect of Chinese people. Many Chinese communicated to foreigners especially people who speak in English. We may talk both in Chinese and English mixed in sentences. And what’s more, some words can be heard or saw here and there just like Chinese word.When we reading books, massages, papers, watching TV, surfing on line, we will meet â€Å" MBA, WTO, IT ,CD, VCD, DVD, MTV†. We can use them directly without translating. 5. 6Translation According to the Background of Neologism in News Language As mentioned above, background information of neologism may help translators to improve the quality of translation in terms of both â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. For some new words, if one translates these words only according to the facial meaning of a word, he probably can not faithfully express the essence of the sources words, and reflect the trend of times.By doing so, he has violated the basic principles of neologism translation— "faithfulness†. However, if one knows more about the background information of new words, he will find it easy to understand the connotation of new words, and make the translated version equal to the original one. The following are some examples: a. â€Å"Obamican†: If a translator knows nothing about the 2008 general election in America, as well as both the Republican’s and the Democrat’s support for Obama, he will probably not know that â€Å"Obamican† is blended by Obama and Republican.He may even not know that this word refers to certain Republicans who are deeply attracted by Obama’s personal charisma, and chose to vote for Obama in the election. Therefore, it is inappropriate for some to translate it into â€Å" †. A relatively suitable version is â€Å" †. Though it seems a little bit long, it has reflected the original meaning of â€Å"Obamican† exactly, and is easy for Chinese readers to understand. b. â€Å"BRI C†: If someone does not know that this new word appeared against the background of rapid economic development in these four countries—Brazil, Russia, India and China, he will probably translate it into â€Å" or so. Now, a widely used version is â€Å" †. Here, the Chinese word â€Å"? † has shown the economic power of these four countries, expressing the original meaning of four fast growing economies. And the Chinese word â€Å"? † reflected that the English version has the same pronunciation as â€Å"brick†. In addition, the Chinese version sounds very fluent. It has grasped the background of the word â€Å"BRIC† and treated the basic principles of translation of news language very flexibly. By doing so, the Chinese version has fulfilled the requirement of â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. . â€Å" †: When first comes to know this word; one may want to translate it into â€Å"kind customers† . A further research may lead him to understand that this term refers to people who sign onto a charity Website to donate money to the needy or set up blogs for charity purposes by using their real names. So a better English version is â€Å"charity bloggers†. The word â€Å"charity† has conveyed the original meaning of being kind, and the word â€Å"blogger† has shown that such kind of persons practice philanthropy though blogs.Therefore, the English version has faithfully conveyed its original meaning. On the other hand, the English version also conforms to the word formation of compounding. So it can be easy for English readers to understand. 6. Ways to Improve the Quality of Neologism in News Language ( , ) According to the above analysis, we may find that to translate new words in news language is by no means an easy task, though it only involves the most basic words translation. The process of translating these most basic new words involves knowledge in al most every field.Though the analysis in the previous parts of this thesis can not give us a definite answer, still it has provided some very important pieces of suggestion for us. 6. 1Understand Background Knowledge The news translation involves information from every aspect of our life. For example, when translating sports news, one has to know certain terms in sport, while translating economic news, one must knew well about economics. If a translator is not interested in and sensitive to new things and new phenomena, he will feel puzzled, and may even not understand the source word.On the contrary, if one has the habit of reading newspaper and magazines, he will find these new words easy to handle. So, news translators must pay special attention to these new words, and have a good command of their background information. 6. 2Learn to Look up Newspaper ; Magazines for Reference Of course, it is almost impossible to get familiar with every new thing and new phenomenon. After all, di fferent person has different hobbies and interests. Some will pay more attention to news in certain fields, while totally neglecting other news.When translating news event that one is not very familiar with, one must learn to make full use of various kinds of resource. For some proper names, there is a standard translation version. We can find it in some state-owned newspapers, magazines, or televisions, like People’s Daily, China Daily, New York Times†¦ By doing so, one can avoid some unnecessary misunderstandings as well as some wrong translations. Conclusion The present paper is an attempt to the research about the translation of neologism in new language.From the above analysis, it is obvious to see that the translation of neologism in news language is a huge task. Sometimes, we can translate new words according to their word formation. And sometimes, we should consider from the perspective of their background information. Now matter what kind of translation measure one may employ, he must adhere to the basic principle of translation, acquire background information well, and learn to learn to look up newspaper ; magazines for reference.